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The University of the State New York
New York State Museum sand ANNUAL REPORT 1918
VOLUME 2
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR 1918 AND APPENDIX 2
inns AMY
ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1920
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
Regents of the University With years when terms expire
(Revised to February 10, 1921)
Piiny T. SExTON LL.B. LL.D. Chancellor -. - - Palmyra ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D.
Vice Chancellor Albany CHESTER 5S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - -.- - - - - Brooklyn ADDEBERE WiloommcleaD =.=) 9 Vee = ee Se eB iittal@ CHARLES B. ALEXANDER M.A. LL.B. LL.D. Litt.D. Tuxedo
WALTER Guest KeLitocGc B.A. LL.D. - - - - - Ogdensburg MANES WoVRNESBeAe lel. IDE = =o ner ta = = | New Mork HERBERT L. BripGMAN M.A. LL.D. - - - - - - Brooklyn THomas J. ManGAn M.A. - --- - - - - - - - Binghamton Warrant aN VICAR =) 5 SS Ee = = Yonkers Wittmam Bonpy M.A. LL.B. Ph.D: = - - =- = - New York WILLIAM P. BAKER B.L. - - - = - - - - - Syracuse
Acting President of the University and Commisssioner of Education
FRANK B. GILBERT B.A. LL.D.
Assistant Commissioner and Director of Professional Education
Aucustus S. Downine M.A. Ph.D. L.H.D. LL.D.
Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education
GEORGE M. WiLtEey M.A. Pd.D. LL.D.
Director of State Library
James I. WYER M.L.S. Pd.D. Director of Science and State Museum
Joun M. Crarkre D:Se. LL.D.
Chief and Directors of Divisions Administration, Hrram C, CasE Archives and History, JAMES SULLIVAN, M.A. Ph.D. Attendance, JAMES D. SULLIVAN Examinations and Inspections, AVERY W. SKINNER B.A. Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A. LL.D., Counsel Library Extension, WILLIAM R. Watson B.S. Library School, Epona M. SANDERSON, B.A. B.L.S. School Buildings and Grounds, FRANK H. Woop M.A. School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Pd.D. Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRAMS Ph.B. Vocational and Extension Education, Lewis A. WILSON
yand ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
VOLUME 2
To the Legislature of the State of New York We have the honor to submit herewith, pursuant to law, as the 72nd Annual Report of the New York State Museum, the report of the Director,
with appendixes. Puiny T. SEXTON
Chancellor of the University
JouN H. FINLEY President of the University and Commissioner of Education
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Appendix 2 Museum Memoir 15 Part 1
Wild Flowers of New York
The University of the State of New York
> PA Weer Seneca
JoHN M. CLARKE, Director
Memoir 15
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
DUNT WO Paks
BY
HOMER D. HOUSE
State Botanist
Part ©
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE PAGE Letter of Communication............ 3 | Descriptions(Of Species». 4-4 35 Introduction aa ia. joc eae 9) | Listrof lllustrations (pant i2) ee. -cee 325 knots Swen sooovsocudccngdoowae TOs pebncl exal (pants) Meese rer ter ieee 341 ALBANY
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1918
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University With years when terms expire (Revised to July 1, 1918)
1926 Priny T. SExToN LL.B. LL.D. Chancellor — -. — Palmyra 1927 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Vice Chancellor Albany
1922 CHESTER S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - Brooklyn 1930 WILLIAM NottTincHaAM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. -— —- — Syracuse 1921 FRANCIS M. CARPENTER = Mount Kisco 1923 ABRAM I. Erxus LL.B. D.C.L. New York 1924 ADELBERT Moor LL.D. - Buffalo
1925 CHARLES B. ALEXANDER M.A. LL.B. LL.D. Litt.D. Tuxedo
1919 JoHN Moore LL.D. = Elmira
19628 WAULER GUEST Kritoce BA) LED. — — — — Ogdensburg 1920 JAMES ByRNE B.A. LL.B. LL.D. = New York 1929 HerBerRT L. BRIDGMAN M.A. Brooklyn
President of the University and Commissioner of Education Joun H. Fintey M.A. LL.D. L.H.D. Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education Tuomas E. FinEGAN M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner and Director of Professional Education Aucustus S. Downinc M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Director of State Library James I. WYER, Jr, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum Joun M. CrarkeE D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs and Directors of Divisions Administration, Hiram C. CASE Agricultural and Industrial Education, LEwis A. WILSON Archives and History, JAMES SULLIVAN M.A. Ph.D. Attendance, JAMES D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, W1LL1IAM R. Watson B.S. Examinations and Inspections, GEORGE M. WiLEy M.A Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A., Counsel Library School, FRANK K. WALTER M.A. M.L.S. School Buildings and Grounds, Frank H. Woop M.A. School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Ph.D. Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRAMS Ph.B.
LETTER OF COMMUNICATION
New Vork State Museum
January 30, 1918 The Honorable John H. Finley
President of the University SIR: The scientific survey of this State, established in 1836 under the title
“ The Natural History of New York,’’ embraces in its monumental reports two volumes treating of the flora of the State. These volumes, prepared by the distinguished botanist, John Torrey, bear the inscription: Flora of the State of New York; Comprising Full Descriptions of All the Indigenous and Naturalized Plants Hitherto Discovered in the State, with Remarks on Their Economical and Medical Properties (1843). The species described in this work were entirely of the phenogamous or flowering plants. Until that time no summary of the New York flora had been brought together; and the service rendered to the people of the State by the publication of this compendium was of a high order and was received with enthusiastic appreciation. Doctor Torrey’s books served the needs of the time and expressed the state of its knowledge of the New York flora.
Seventy-five years have passed, and in that long stretch of time botan- ical science has grown widely and apace. The field of cryptogamic botany, that which deals with the flowerless plants, the mushrooms, mosses, lichens and their kind, was not entered in these early reports; it was obscure and little understood; its mostly inconspicuous growths did not attract the eye or invite the observer; nor were its important relations to the economy of the community even suspected.
The early official botanical investigations of the State were formally terminated by the publication of John Torrey’s reports. Not till 1867 did the need of continuous official attention to this department of science meet
3
4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the recognition of the Regents of the University. In that year Charles Horton Peck was designated to take charge of such botanical collections as had accumulated in the State Museum, and not long thereafter Mr Peck was officially appointed the State Botanist. To the botanical service of the State Mr Peck thereafter dedicated himself without reserve for the rest of his long life. He added much to the store of knowledg» of the flow- ering plants, but the veiled world of the flowerless plants the more invited him and to it he specially gave his labors; leaving behind him a harvest of knowledge of them and a repute for his intricate researches which ranks him high on the roll of great botanists. Doctor Peck spared no effort, however, to increase the store of knowledge of all the flora of the State and he is the creator of the large state herbarium. After fifty years of unstinted devotion to his science and to his State, Doctor Peck fell asleep in honor, in the year 1917.
Since the date of Torrey’s report, the flowering plants have been the subject of study in all parts of the Commonwealth. Botanical societies and local students have multiplied; records have grown; the demand for information has greatly increased; but there has been no reliable exposition of such information accessible to these students.
It has been with this purpose of meeting a wide demand and of setting forth with such excellence as present knowledge and perfected modes of illustration could afford, that the present work, The Wild Flowers of New York, has been projected. The undertaking, bound to be an arduous one, has not been entered upon hastily. The advice of the leading botanists of this State and country was sought as to its timeliness, its scope, mode of presentation and illustration. The interested public will find it to be not a highly technical guide, couched in closely analytical descriptions, but a comparatively brief text, untechnical so far as the theme permits, accom- panied by color illustrations made from the growing plants. The present State Botanist, Dr Homer D. House, is the responsible author of the work; he has not only prepared the text and its arrangement, but has supervised in detail the color photography; he has accompanied the photographers
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 5
into the field on every visit and has selected every subject which is here reproduced.
The color illustrations must speak for themselves. They have been executed with most painstaking care by the quadricolor process, and the living and growing plants have been reproduced in their colors as near to those of nature as now seems possible. Credit for the printing and binding of the work should be given to the J. B. Lyon Company of Albany, but the Matthews-Northrup Company of Buffalo and the Zeese-Wilkinson Company of New York are to be accredited with the quality and making of the color plates.
As such, then, these volumes are given to the people of the State and as such, we believe, they would have this service rendered.
Very respectfully JOHN M. CLARKE
Director
One who is upon the gray ocean at this season of the year when, in the woods and at the roadsides in the State of New York, the wild flowers are beginning to redeem their promises of life, appreciates as never before how much these quiet, persistent pioneers of the fields contribute in scent, color and form to the making of that which is summed up in the name New York; even as the heather to the making of that country whose head- lands are now dimly emerging from the level sea. The sight of a spray of these native flowers, such as many a page in this book carries, would be as a twig borne back in ancient times to the ark —a sign that, though the flood of war has overwhelmed many valleys, the elemental processes of life go forward undisturbed in the “ Empire State.” Whatever the economic value or imputed harm of these aborigines, first settlers, later immigrants and vagrants which together constitute the Flora of the State, it is desirable from every point of view, since they are our near, most welcome but some- times intrusive neighbors, that we should know their faces, their habits and their capacities for good or warning of ill. Itisa great realm of life within the State of which the State as a whole should acknowledge the possession.
I have unusual satisfaction in finding it my official opportunity to say an introductory word to this notable and distinguished work, because it .is the record of a possession which the Director of the State Museum, Dr John M. Clarke, has enabled the State to make. It has a great practical value, but it has another value in making perennial and keeping in perpetual domestic bloom, in home and schoolhouse and library, flowers that blossom but a few days or weeks in the wild state in which they have been so skil- fully and sympathetically discovered by Doctor House. I am proud that the State has made possible such a publication and that The University of the State of New York has been able to execute the commission with such success.
. ————————
On the Atlantic Ocean President of the University
May 19018 7
; e121 a con iS “any
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Arwen:
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
INTRODUCTION
The State of New York possesses a large variety of herbaceous and shrubby plants with conspicuous flowers, which may be classed under the rather broad and indefinite term of “‘ wild flowers.’’ For the purposes of this work only a few of the shrubs, such as the Mountain Laurel, Azalea and Labrador Tea have been included, the thought being to present mainly herbaceous plants with conspicuous flowers.
Anyone who has observed the natural vegetation in such unlike parts of the State as the salt marshes and pine barrens of Long Island, the higher Adirondack and Catskill mountains or the woodlands of the western counties must have been impressed by the obvious difference in the wild flowers of those several sections, and especially by the fact that very few of the wild flowers which bloom between early spring and late autumn in the Adirondacks are to be found on Long Island.
Such differences in the character of the vegetation of widely separated portions of the State are explained partly by soil conditions and partly by differences in climate. Located with the ocean at one side and the great inland lakes at the other, the State is favored by conditions of atmospheric moisture (relative humidity, rainfall and snowfall) which make it climati- cally a forest region, and hence favorable for a luxuriant variety of herbace- ous and shrubby plants; a region in which forests would naturally dominate all other vegetation if not cut down. The temperature conditions along the southern coast of the State are modified by the ocean, and to some extent on the west by the Great Lakes, while the elevated mountain masses of the Adirondack and Catskill regions produce cooler summers and shorter growing Seasons.
I am indebted to Mr Edward A. Eames of Buffalo for photographs and autochromes of certain orchids, to Mr G. A. Bailey of Geneseo, and Mr O. O. Nylander of Caribou, Me., for additional photographs and to Mr Louis R.
Robbins, former assistant to State Botanist, for assistance in the preparation of the text and illustrations for the chapter on Plant Structure.
9
10 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
PLANT STRUCTURE!
No one who loves plants, either cultivated or wild, has failed to note how they differ from one another in shape, size, color and arrangement of the flowers, the leaves and other parts. These features are essentially the same in all individuals of a given species, but differ greatly in individual plants not belonging to the same species or variety.
To express these differences requires a terminology that is familiar largely only to those who have studied botany. The fact that it is practically impossible to describe a plant accurately without the use of a certain number of these special terms is a great impediment to a broad familiarity with our wild flowers on the part of all those who would like to study them with the aid of botanical guides. Because of the great variety of flowering plants and the minuteness of the flowers on many of them, the difficulty of identification is even greater than that connected with the study of bird and animal life.
The following brief summary of the terms necessary to an accurate description of a flowering plant, taken alone, means little to the average reader. Taken in connection with the plants as they are found growing and carefully studied, these terms, as soon as understood, place one on a footing of easy familiarity with the wild flowers, so that an accurate descrip- tion as given in books means something definite and enables one to decide if the given description applies to the plant under consideration. Supple- mented by illustrations, a study of the terminology used enables the student to acquire a much wider knowledge of our wild flowers.
Leaves The leaf is an essential organ of all plants which live independently, that is, are not parasitic upon other plants (like the Dodder) or saprophytic upon dead plant remains (like the Indian Pipe). The leaf manufactures
‘The cuts in this section are adapted from Gray’s Lessons in Botany. Copyright by
Asa Gray. Reproduced by permission of the American Book Company, publishers.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK II
food for the plant, gives off excess water (transpiration) and is the breathing organ of the plant. To accomplish these functions the leaf is built up by a complex arrangement of cells and is variously modified in different groups of plants to meet the external conditions of environment and competition by other plants.
The parts of a leaf are designated as blade, petiole and stipules. The leaf blade (figure 1A) is the broadly expanded portion, although in some species the leaf blade is very narrow or even threadlike. The petiole
(figure 1B) is the stalk which supports the blade, and may be lacking in some cases, when the leaf is said to be sessile. The stipules (figure 1C) are small, leaflike organs at the base of the petiole, and are best typified by the rose leaf. Frequently the stipules encircle the stem at the base of the petiole and often they are entirely lacking or fall away so soon after the leaves expand that they are not found when the plant is in bloom.
Terms of leaf outline: The various shapes of leaf blades may be expressed by the following terms:
Subulate; awl-shaped, without visible expansion of blade, and usually tapering to the apex (figure 3).
3 4 6 ul Linear, or ribbon-shaped; elongated and several times longer than wide (figure 4).
2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Lanceolate; in which the leaf blade is three times as long as wide, or longer, and broadest at or below the middle (figure 5).
Oblong; in which the blade is somewhat longer than wide, broadest in the middle or with sides almost parallel (figure 6).
Ovate ; shaped like an egg; that is, broadest below the middle or near the base (figure 7).
Elliptical; rounded at both ends, somewhat longer than wide (figure 8).
Orbicular or rotund; in which the blade is nearly or quite circular in outline (figure 9).
Reniform; in which the blade is broader than long, with a heart-shaped base (figure 10).
Deltoid; triangle-shaped, similar to ovate but conspicuously broadened
at the base and pointed at the apex
(figure I1).
Consideration of a few leaf blades shows immediately that these terms are not always sufficient to express accurately the shape and we may have recourse to combinations of terms, such
. as oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate 10 11 (figure 13), etc. The shape of leaf blades which are broadest above the middle may be expressed by the following terms: Obovate; ovate in shape, but broadest near the apex or above the middle (figure 14). Oblanceolate; lanceolate in shape but broadest above the middle or near the apex (figure 15). Spatulate; in which the blade is oblanceolate or obovate in shape with
the base conspicuously elongated (figure 12).
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 13
Terms applied to the apex of the leaf: Obcordate; broad and heart-shaped at the apex (figure 16). Emarginate; with a slight depression at the somewhat narrowed apex (figure 17). Retuse; terminating in a semicircular end, the center of which is
somewhat indented (figure 18). Truncate; with a flat or abrupt apex (figure 19).
12 13 14 15
Acuminate; when the apex of the blade is longer than broad (figure 20). Acute; when the apex of the blade is about as broad as long (figure 21). Obtuse or blunt; when the apex is much broader than long (figure 22).
14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mucronate; when the apex is terminated by a short blunt tip (figure
22)
Cuspidate ; when the tip of the blade is hard and stiff (figure 24).
Terms applied to the base of the leaf: The terms truncate, acuminate, acute, obtuse (defined above) may also be applied to the shape of the base of the leaf blade, in addition to the
following:
\\26
2 } | 31
30
Cordate; heart-shaped (figure 25).
32
Cuneate, or wedge-shaped; when the sides of the leaf blade taper to an acute angle at the base (figure 27).
Auriculate, when the depression at the base of the blade is deep and produces on either side conspicuous basal lobes (figures 28 and 32).
Sagittate; when the basal lobes point downward like the head of an arrow (figure 30).
Hastate; when the basal lobes are turned outward (figure 29).
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK I
on
Peltate; a rounded leaf blade with the petiole attached at or near the middle of the lower surface (figure 31).
Perfoliate; when the bases of leaf blades meet and join around the stem of the plant (figure 26).
Terms applied to the marginal segmentation of leaf blades:
Sinuate; when the marginal lobes of the leaf blade present a wavy outline (figure 33).
36
Pinnately lobed; when the tissue between the veinlets is cut out nearly to the midrib of the leaf and the divisions are arranged like the pinnae of a feather (figure 34).
Palmate; when the blade is deeply divided nearly or quite to a common base (figure 38).
16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Serrate (figure 35); when the margin is sharply toothed with coarse teeth, like a saw. When the teeth are rounded inward or are convex, the margin is said to be dentate (figure 37). When the margin is formed of rounded teeth it is said to be crenate (figure 36). If the teeth are very small, the diminutives of the above terms are used, namely, serrulate (figure 39), denticulate (figure 40) and crenulate (figure 41).
Compound leaves:
39 40 41 When a leaf possesses several divisions or seg- ments upon a common petiole or rachis, 1t 1s said to be compound. The distinction between a simple leaf, which is deeply divided, and a compound leaf, rests upon the presence of distinct articulation between the leaf seg- ment of the compound leaf and the petiole. Compound leaves may be pinnate (figure 42), when the leaflets are arranged on either side of a com- mon petiole (Ash, Rose, Walnut etc.) or palmately compound (figure 43), when the leaflets all join the petiole at its summit (Horse-chestnut).
Leaf arrangement:
Alternate, when the leaves are arranged one at a node and each leaf is opposite and above the preceding leaf; spirally arranged, when the nodes
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 7,
are not opposite; and opposite when the leaves are in pairs opposite each other on the same node. When several leaves are inserted on the same node they are said to be whorled or verticillate.
Flowers
The flower of a plant is a group of organs (figure 44) which exist for the purpose of producing seed. The parts of a flower fall into two general groups: those which ac tually function as seed producers (essential organs), and those which act as _ protective organs or organs for the attraction of insects (floral envelops or perianth). These might also be designated as non- essential organs, since they are lack- ing in certain flowers.
The essential organs consist of two parts, the pistils (figure 44A) and the stamens (figure 44D, E), often
designated as the pistillate and stami- nate parts of a flower; and when a flower contains only pistils it is called a pistillate flower, and when it contains only stamens it is called a staminate flower.
When both stamens and pistils are present in the same flower, it is said to be perfect. If, in addition, the flower possesses the floral envelops, calyx and corolla, it is called a complete flower. Hence a flower which lacks any of these sets of organs is incomplete (that is, if it lacks either calyx or corolla); if it lacks either stamens or pistils it is imperfect.
The perianth or floral envelopes:
The ideal flower contains two sets of floral envelops, the calyx (figure 44F) and the corolla. In some flowers the corolla is entirely or partly divided into a certain number of divisions, each of which is called
18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
a petal (figure 44G). They are usually but not always brightly colored. Subtending or beneath the corolla is the calyx, which is usually, but not always, green, and is likewise in many plants divided into a number of distinct parts or sepals. When an incomplete flower has but one set of floral envelopes, it is usually the petals (or corolla) which are lacking, and in such cases the calyx may be brightly colored and function as a corolla
(a petaliferous calyx).
The essential organs:
The number and arrangement of stamens varies in different kinds of plants, but nearly always a stamen consists of a filament or stalk (figure 44E), which bears at its apex the anther (figure 44D), or pollen-bearing sac. The shape of the anther, and the manner by which it dehisces, or opens to emit the pollen, likewise varies in different groups of plants.
The pistil (figure 44A—C), or seed-bearing organ, consists of an ovary (figure 44A), stigma (figure 44C) and style (figure 44B). The ovary is at the base of the pistil and contains the ovules or eggs, which after fertilization ripen into seeds. The ovary usually con- tains several or many ovules, but may contain as few as a single ovule. The stigma is that part of the pistil which acts as a receptive organ for pollen in the process of pollination. Its surface is usually moist and minutely granular and its position and shape are dependent upon
45
made use of by the particular plant. The style connects the stigma and
the mode of pollination (insects or wind)
ovary. It may be long or short, slender or stout, or sometimes entirely lacking when the stigma is situated directly upon the ovary.
The ovary itself may contain one or several chambers or cells (figures 45-47), and very frequently the number of chambers in the ovary and the
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 19
lobes or divisions of the stigma bear a direct relationship to the number of petals, sepals and stamens. The term carpel (or carpophyllum) is used to designate the seed-bearing leaf. A carpel may be a pistil of itself, or it may be a constituent of a more complex pistil. In either case, a carpel is the homologue of a leaf. The surface within the ovary to which the ovules are attached is called the placenta.
Simple pistils may be solitary, or several together on a common recep- tacle within the flower, as in the Buttercup. A compound pistil consists of two, three or more carpels united into one body.
The apex of the flowering stem, which supports the flower, is designated as the receptacle.
48 49 50 51
Arrangement of flowers:
Flowers are either solitary or clustered, but their arrangement varies in different kinds of plants, and may even vary to some extent in the same species. The arrangement or disposition of the flowers may be designated as the inflorescence. The following are the most frequent arrangements of flowers:
Spike (figure 48), in which the flowers are arranged along the flowering
20 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
stem, and sessile (that is, without stalks) or with very short stalks (pedicels). When the flowering stem is naked (devoid of leaves) and rises directly from the root or crown of the plant, it is called a scape (figure 51).
Raceme (figure 49), in which the flowers are arranged along a flowering stem and each flower possesses a distinct stalk or pedicel. The lower pedicels may be somewhat longer than the upper ones.
Umbel (figure 52), when the flowers arise from the same point, which is usually the apex of the flowering stem or of a lateral flowering stalk, and
54 55
radiate like the rays of an umbrella. If the radiating stalks of such an inflorescence bear smaller umbels at their tips, it is called a compound umbel.
Corymb |corymbose| (figure 54), when the branches of an inflorescence are of unequal length, but the lower or outer ones are longest so that they all form a flat-topped, or nearly flat-topped, cluster.
Cyme (figure 55), when the flowers each terminate an axis or stem
arising successively from a new axis or stem.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 21
A spadix is a spikelike inflorescence with a fleshy stalk and with sessile flowers; the floral leaf or bract which subtends it or surrounds it partially is called the spathe (Skunk Cabbage, Wild Calla).
A panicle, or compound raceme (figure 50), is formed by the arrange- ment of flowers along the plant stem, similar to a raceme, but each flower stem has two or more branches.
Head (figure 53), an arrangement of flowers compactly on a common receptacle and surrounded by bracts (involucral bracts).
Modification and arrangement of the perianth:
Among the simpler groups of flowering plants the perianth is wanting, as in the Cat-tail and Willow. In the Sweet Flag, Oak and others, the perianth consists of a few scales, but in the higher plants, the perianth appears as a conspicuous portion of the flower, as in the Lily. Finally, as in the Rose family, there appears a clearly differentiated calyx and corolla.
In the simpler types of flowers, the sepals, petals and the stamens arise at the top of the receptacle. Such flowers are called hypogynous, meaning the insertion of these parts below the ovary (figure 56).
When the basal portion of the receptacle is continued upward, forms a cup-shaped growth around the ovary and bears the sepals, petals and stamens upon its margin, the flower 1s called perigynous (figures 57 and 59), meaning the insertion of the parts of the flower around the ovary.
Frequently the growth of the receptacle adheres to the ovary, and the sepals, petals and stamens appear to arise from above the position of the ovary, in which case the flower is called epigynous (figure 58), meaning above the ovary.
There may be varying degrees of cohesion or union of the parts of one or both of the floral envelopes (perianth). When the sepals are united with each other the calyx is said to be gamosepalous, while a gamopetalous corolla (figures 62, 63, 64 and 65) refers to a union of the petals, as in the flower of the Morning-glory.
The degree of coalescence or union of parts of a gamopetalous corolla
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 23
varies in different flowers. When the calyx or corolla is divided almost to the base it is said to be parted (figure 63); when divided to about the middle it is said to be cleft (figure 64); when still less separated it may be said to be lobed or toothed (figure 65); or if entire on the margin it is said to be entire (figure 62).
When the parts of each set of organs of a flower are alike or equal in size, the flower is said to be regular, which means that the petals are alike, the sepals are alike and the stamens are alike. A symmetrical flower is one in which the sepals, petals and stamens are of the same number; unsymmetrical when there are unequal numbers in each cycle, that is, an unequal number of sepals, petals or stamens.
Certain groups of plants may often be recognized by the form of the corolla of some of its members. This character seems to be quite constant and the names of several large or important families of flowering plants are derived from this source. Of these groups we may mention the cruciferous (figure 60) type of flower of the Mustard family (Cruciferae), in which there are four spreading petals forming a cross, as in the flower of the Spring Cress (Cardamine bulbosa); the labiate corolla (figure 66) of the Mint family (Labiatae) in which the corolla is more or less two-lipped; the papilionaceous type of flower (figure 61) of the Pea family (Leguminosae), in which the petals are characteristically grouped into two lateral (wing) petals, a single upper (banner) petal and a pair of lower petals, often more or less united to form the keel.
Stamens:
The general characteristics of the stamens have already been described. In the stamens, as in the case of the petals and sepals, the number and arrangement are subject to great variation in different kinds of plants. Monandrous refers to a flower with a single or solitary stamen; polyandrous to a flower containing several stamens. The stamens may be monodelphous, in which the filaments are united into a tube, as in the Wild Lupine (figure 67), or the stamens may be diadelphous (figure 68), which means two sets
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
25 of united stamens. In this form of arrangement there may be a union of the filaments of all the stamens except one, which is a common diadelphous arrangement of stamens in many of the species of the Bean family. When there are several sets of united stamens, the arrangement is said to be polydelphous.
Adnation or union of the stamens with other parts of the flower is of frequent occurrence, and the terms employed depend upon the degree of adnation, or the absence of it, namely, hypogynous (meaning beneath the pistil), applied to parts, including stamens, which are inserted or borne on the receptacle of the flower (figure 56). This is the absence of adnation and indicates an unmodified type. Perigynous (around the pistil) implies an adnation which carries up the apparent origin or place of insertion of the parts of the flower to some distance above or away from the receptacle and thus placing the insertion around instead of beneath the pistil (figure 57). Epigynous (on the pistil), where the adnation is complete to the very top of the ovary (figure 58).
When the stamens are borne upon the corolla, or upon the tube of the corolla, they are said to be epipetalous (figure 69), and when they are borne upon the pistil, as in the Orchid family, they are said to be gynandrous.
The most important part of a stamen is the anther (figure 44D), which contains the pollen. It normally consists of two lobes or sacs; but as each sac is often, and in most of our common flowers, divided into two cavities, it appears to possess in such instances four pollen sacs. For the discharge of the pollen, the cells of a normal anther open along a definite line, usually extending from top to bottom. This suture or line of dehiscence may be lateral or marginal, or centrally located.
In the genus Solanum, to which the Potato belongs, in most members of the Heath family (Ericaceae), in Polygala, and certain other species, the anther cells open only by a hole or pore (figure 71). In the Blueberry, Cranberry etc. the pore-bearing tip of the anther cell is prolonged con- siderably, often into a slender tube. In the Barberry, and in most other members of that family, and in the Lauraceae, the whole face of each anther
26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
cell separates by a continuous line, forming a kind of door, which is attached at the top, and turns back, as if on a hinge; and the anther is said to open by uplifted valves (figure 72). In the Sassafras and certain other members of the Lauraceae, each lobe of the anther opens by two smaller valves, like trapdoors.
The attachment of the anther to the filament (or stalk) presents three different modes, frequently connected by gradation: Innate (figure 70), in which the anther is a direct continua- tion of the axis of the filament, the cells usually opening by marginal slits, and the lobes or cells of the anther project neither inward nor outward; adnate (figure 73),in which the anther is a direct continuation of the filament but having the anther cells adherent to the anterior or posterior face of the filament; the Wild Ginger (Asarum) furnishes a good example of this, on
account of a prominent prolongation 5 of the connective or tip of the fila-
ment (figure 74); versatile (figure 75), when the anther is attached at some part only of its back or front to the tip of the filament, on which it lightly swings when the pollen is discharged ; examples of this are seen in members of the Lily family, the grasses, Evening
Primrose (Oenothera biennis) and others.
Pollination The structure of most flowers affords an excellent indication of the device used for the transference of pollen from one flower to another (pollination), Long ago it was assumed that Nature wished no flower to be fertilized by its own pollen, but in the light of present knowledge we know
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 27
this is not wholly true. The subject of pollination of flowers by insects received a great light through the investigations of Charles Darwin and the publication in 1862 of his well-known book on the fertilization of orchids by the aid of insects.
As we understand the matter today, it appears that flowers are habitu- ally intercrossed (flowers of the same species), and that there are manifold structural adaptations which secure or favor this interchange of pollen. Separation of sexes (stamens and pistils) is a direct adaptation to cross- pollination, rendering it necessary between individuals with dioecious flowers, and favoring it in most plants with monoecious and polygamous flowers. Strictly, close fertilization can take place in hermaphroditic flowers only.
Flowers depend upon certain external agencies for the transference of pollen from one flower to the flower on another plant. These agencies are wind (anemophilous flowers) and insects (entomophilous flowers). Other agencies are of minor importance, although water must be considered in connection with some aquatic plants.
Wind-pollinated flowers are mostly dull in color, destitute of odor and nectar, since these qualities attract insects. Wind-pollinated flowers usually have the sexes separated, the flowers borne in great abundance and have very light pollen. Most of our common trees (the Pines, Oaks, Hickories etc.) depend upon wind for the transference of pollen, as do also the grasses, sedges, Plantain and others.
Insect-pollinated flowers are correlated with showy coloration (includ- ing white, which is most showy at dusk), odor or secretion of nectar. Structural adaptations of the flower in reference to insect visitation are wonderfully various, and most of these are found upon investigation to favor, or often to necessitate, cross-pollination. The range of these varia- tions is too extensive to be treated here. Literature upon this subject is easily available and most textbooks of botany contain chapters upon the subject.
After pollination the pollen grain germinates upon the surface of the
28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
stigma, sends a tube down through the tissue of the stigma and style and discharges into the ovule a male nucleus which unites with a nucleus in the embryo sac of the ovule, fertilizing the ovule, and stimulating its develop- ment into an embryonic plant. By a process of hardening of the coats of the ovule its development is arrested and the seed is produced.
The Fruit
The fruit of a plant (in the case of our flowering plants) consists of the matured pistil (or gynoecium), including also whatever parts of the perianth or other floral organs may be joined to it. Fruits are of various degrees of simplicity or complexity, and may consist of a matured simple ovary, a cluster of such ovaries, at least when they are somewhat coherent, or a ripened ovary with calyx and other floral parts consolidated with it.
The pericarp, or seed vessel, is the ripened ovary and should therefore accord in structure with the ovary from which it is derived. In the development of a simple ovary into a simple fruit certain alterations some- times take place, either by the abortion or obliteration of certain parts, or by accessory growth. The dehiscence is the method by which a pericarp opens to discharge its seeds and may be regular (normal) or irregular (abnormal). The word “ pod ”’ is frequently applied to dehiscent pericarps.
A capsule is a dehiscent pericarp formed of two or more carpels. Such carpels are septicidal (figure 80) when the dehiscence is such that the carpel is divided into its constituent carpels. Members of the St John’s-wort family afford a good example of this method as do also Rhododendron and Kalmia. Carpels are called loculicidal (figure 79) when each of the compo- nent carpels splits down its dorsal suture, as in Iris, Hibiscus, Oenothera etc.
Kinds of fruits. For ordinary purposes it is sufficient to classify fruits into four classes:
[ Simple fruits, those which result from the ripening of a single pistil.
2 Aggregate, those of a cluster of carpels of one flower crowded into
a mass.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 29
3 Accessory fruits, where the principal mass consists of the surround- ings or support of either a simple or an aggregate fruit.
4 Multiple or collective fruits, formed by the union or compact aggregation of the pistils of several flowers.
I Simple Fruits
Upon the basis of texture, simple fruits may be designated as dry fruits, stone fruits and baccate fruits.
Dry fruits which are dehiscent:
Follicle (figure 78), a pod formed by a simple pistil, and dehiscent along one line (suture, and almost always the inner or ventral suture), as in the Columbine, Marsh Marigold, Milkweed and Dogbane.
Legume (figure 77), a pod formed of a simple pistil which is dehiscent by both sutures, so dividing it into two pieces or valves. The fruits of the Bean or Pea family are of this
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sort. Some members of this family
(Meibomia), however, have legumes reduced to indehiscent achenes, joined
together end to end, and to which a special term “loment” (figure 76) is
78
applied. Capsule (figures 79 and 80), a pod or dehiscent fruit, of any compound pistil. The modes of regular dehiscence
are mentioned above in the paragraph on dehiscence, and it remains here to describe two modifications of the capsule, namely, the pyxis, in which the dehiscence is along a circular line, cutting off the upper part as a lid, examples of which are seen in the common Plantain, Purslane and Hen- bane, small plants or weeds not illustrated in this work; and the silique, a narrow, two-valved capsule, with two parietal placentae, from which the
30 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
valves separate in dehiscence, as in the Mustard family, where there is usually a false partition stretched across between the two placentae.
Dry fruits which are indehiscent:
Samara, an indehiscent, one-seeded fruit provided with a wing. In the Ash, the wing is terminal; in the Elm, the wing surrounds the body of the pericarp; and the Maple fruit is a double samara or pair of such fruits.
Achene (figures 81-88), a general term for all one-seeded, dry and hard, seedlike fruits. The best examples are the fruits of the Butter- cup, Anemone, Clematis and Avens. The style sometimes remains on the fruit as a long and feathery tail (Dandelion, figure 85), and in others merely as a short hook (Buttercup, figures 86 and 87). Inthe Compositae (Sunflower family) the tube of the calyx is joined with the surface of the ovary, and its border or upper edge
appears as a crown or cup, or a set of teeth or of scales, or very often as a tuft of bristles or hairs, called the pappus (figures 82-84, 88).
Utricle, a dry achenelike fruit with a thin and bladdery loose pericarp, like that of the Goosefoot (Chenopodium).
Caryopsis or grain, differs from the achene in having the seed completely filling the cell and its thin coats firmly consolidated throughout with the very thin pericarp. This term is applied to the fruits of the grass family, including Indian corn and all other cereals.
Nut, a hard one-celled and one-seeded, indehiscent fruit which finds its best examples in the fruit of the Hazel, Beech, Oak, Chestnut etc. The smaller nutlike fruits of the Borrage family and of the Mint family are
usually called nutlets.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 31
Stone fruits:
Drupe (figures 90 and 92), of which the best examples are the fruit of the Cherry, Plum, Peach etc., are one-seeded or rarely two-seeded, in the ripening of which the outer portion of the pericarp becomes fleshy or pulpy and the inner portion becomes much hardened. The term is also commonly applied to similar fruits of the Hackberry, Cornus, Rhamnus etc. In the case of the Blackberry (figure 89) and Raspberry, the several pericarps of the aggregate fruit are called drupelets.
Pome (figure 91), the name of the fruit of the Apple, Pear, Quince etc., which are fleshy fruits, composed of two to several carpels, of parchment- like texture (or hard in the Thorn Apples), inclosed in flesh which has developed from the inclosing calyx and receptacle. Indeed, the fruit of
‘
the Thorn Apple might well be called a “ several-seeded drupe.” Pepo, or Gourd-fruit, a type of fruit typified by the Melon, Squash,
Cucumber, Gourd and other members of that family.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
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Berry [baccate] (figure 93), a simple fruit in which the pericarp is fleshy throughout and without a hardened inner coat. The fruit of the Grape, Currant, Gooseberry, Cranberry, Banana and Tomato furnish good
examples.
2 Aggregate Fruits
Aggregate fruits are those in which a cluster of carpels, all belonging to one flower, are crowded on the receptacle into one mass, as in the Black- berry (figure 89) taken as a whole. They may be aggregates of any kind of simple fruits. But when dry and not coherent, the mass would simply be described as a head or spike of carpels (or achenes, as in Buttercup,
Anemone etc.).
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 33
3 Accessory Fruits
Accessory fruits are those in which some conspicuous part of the fruit is derived from some portion not organically connected with the ovary or pistil. This part might be called a pseudocarp, and this condition may occur either in simple, in aggregate, or in multiple fruits. The Winter- green (Gaultheria procumbens) affords a good example (figures 94 and 95), the fleshy part of the fruit being the enlarged calyx. Likewise the torus, although not conspicuous, may be said to be an accessory part of the fruit of the Blackberry, being the fleshy or pulpy center of the fruit. In the Strawberry it is very conspicuous and comprises the sole edible part of the fruit, the achenes or true fruits being dispersed over the surface and comparatively insignificant.
4 Multiple or Collective Fruits Multiple or collective fruits are those which result from the aggregation of several flowers into one mass. The simplest of these is the fruit of the Partridge Berry (Mitchella repens) and certain Honeysuckles (Loni- cera) formed of the ovaries of two blossoms united into one fleshy fruit. More typical examples of this are seen in the Pineapple fruit, the Mulberry and others.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES Cat-tail Family
Typhaceae Broad-leaved Cat-tail Typha latifolia Linnaeus Figure I
A marsh or aquatic plant, usually growing in thick colonies from creeping perennial rootstocks provided with fibrous roots. Stems stout, round in cross-section, glabrous, 4 to 8 feet high. Leaves numerous, linear, flat, swordlike, sheathing the stem at the base and rather stiffly ascending. Flowers monoecious, that is, staminate and pistillate flowers separate but on the same plant; densely crowded into terminal spikes; the staminate spikes uppermost and scarcely or but slightly separated from the dark brown or nearly black pistillate spike, each 3 to 12 inches long and often an inch or more thick. Perianth of the individual flowers composed merely of bristles which subtend two to seven stamens (in the staminate spike), or a small, short-stalked ovary (in the pistillate spikes). Mingled among the stamens and pistils are bristly hairs, and among the pistillate flowers many sterile flowers with clavate tips. The fruit consists of many small nutlets, surmounted by the persistent bristles which aid in wind dissemination of the seeds when the head of fruit breaks up.
Common everywhere in marshes and swamps, and also in Europe and Asia. Flowering in June and July; fruit ripe in August and September,
frequently persistent until the following spring.
The Narrow-leaved Cat-tail (Typha angustifolia Linnaeus), is more abundant in marshes along the coast, but is sometimes found inland. The leaves are narrower than those of the preceding species, being one- sixth to one-half of an inch wide; spikes lighter brown in color, not so thick, and the staminate and pistillate spikes separated from one another.
35
36 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Figure I
Broad-leaved Cat-tail
(Typha latifolia Linnaeus)
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 37
Water Plantain Family Alismaceae Broad-leaved Arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia Willdenow Plate 1
A perennial aquatic herb with thickened base and numerous long, fibrous roots. Leaves long petioled and extremely variable in form and size, sometimes wider than long and obtuse, sometimes linear-lanceolate and acuminate at the apex; the basal lobes of the leaf blades one-quarter to one-half as long as the blade. Flowers monoecious or sometimes dioecious, pediceled and borne near the summits of the scapes in verticels of three, the staminate usually uppermost, each verticel subtended by three bracts. Calyx of three persistent sepals. Stamens numerous; anthers two-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits. Pistillate flowers with numerous distinct ovaries and sometimes with imperfect stamens. The ovaries ripen into a globose or compact head of achenes, each achene broadly winged on both margins, with a beak about one-third its length and horizontal or nearly so.
Common in shallow water almost everywhere and offered by dealers in native plants for colonizing lily ponds and shallow waters. Such situa- tions are scarcely complete without its presence. Flowering from July to September.
There are several closely related species such as Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon, with a minute beak to the achene, which is erect over the ventral wing; Sagittaria pubescens Muhlenberg, which is strongly pubescent; Sagittaria graminea Michaux, which has long-petioled, linear, lanceo- late or elliptical leaf blades, acute at both ends, and much smaller flowers than S. latifolia, and other less abundant species. A nearly related genus is Alisma, represented in our range by the very common Alisma subcordatum Rafinesque (American Water Piantain), with oblong, elliptic, oval or ovate leaf blades which are cuneate, truncate or cordate at
38 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the base, the flowering scapes rather tall, bearing numerous branches and pedicels in whorls of three to ten, with very small, white flowers. Like most other members of the Alismaceae, it inhabits shallow water or muddy places. Sedge Family Cyperaceae Sheathed Cotton Grass or Hare’s Tail Rush
Eriophorum callithrix Chamisso Plate 2a
The Cotton Grass may be regarded not so much as a wild flower as one of the most ornamental of the sedges, since it is not a true grass. It is an inhabitant of cold, mossy bogs. The stiff culms, forming tussocks, rise eight to twenty inches above the surface of the bog and each culm bears at the summit a solitary spikelet of small, perfect flowers; each flower with six scalelike divisions, three stamens and a three-cleft style. Within the scalelike perianth are numerous soft, white bristles, which become greatly elongated in fruit, at which time the bog where the plant is growing becomes beautiful with hundreds or thousands of these waving white plumes.
Common in sphagnum bogs from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. Flowering in early spring, the white plumes being at their best in June or, in the far north, in July.
The Sheathed Cotton Grass is but one of a number of related species which add much to the beauty of our wet meadows, swamps and bogs in summer. Perhaps even more abundant in the north is the Thin-leaved Cotton Grass (Eriophorum viridicarinatum (Engelmann) Fernald) with five to thirty nodding white plumes, and the Virginia Cotton Grass (Eriophorum virginicum Linnaeus), in which the soft
bristles of the mature plume are of a dingy brown color.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 1
BROAD-LEAVED ARROWHEAD Sagittaria latifolia
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Arum Family Araceae Jack-in-the-pulpit; Indian Turnip Arisaema triphyllum (Linnaeus) Torrey Plate 3
A perennial herb, 1 to 3 feet tall, from a rounded, acrid corm. Leaves one or two, nearly erect, and exceeding the scape, three-foliate, the seg- ments or leaflets pale green beneath, ovate, acute, rounded or pointed at the base, 3 to 8 inches long, 1 to 3 inches wide, unfolding with the flowers. Flowers dioecious, borne on the basal part of the club-shaped spadix, which is naked, blunt and green or purple above; spathe green and purple-striped, curving in a broad flap over the top of the spadix, long pointed, sometimes whitish with green stripes or almost uniformly greenish. The crowded ovaries of the pistillate flowers ripen into a cluster of bright-red, shining, globose berries.
A common plant of moist woods and thickets, flowering from early spring until June. The fruit ripens in July, and in late summer the leaves frequently wither and die, leaving the stalks of bright-red berries con- spicuous objects in the woods.
Two closely related species are sometimes recognized, Arisaema p usillum (Peck) Nash, with leaves green beneath, a cylindrical spadix and spathe deep brown to almost black in color; Arisaema stew- ardsonii Britton, with a conspicuously fluted spathe which is whitish below and green or green-striped toward the tip, but otherwise resembling A. pusillum.
The Green Dragon or Dragon-root (Arisaema dracontium (Linnaeus) Schott) (figure II) has solitary leaves divided into five to seven- teen segments, and a narrow greenish or whitish, long-pointed spathe enwrapping the spadix, the upper part of which tapers into a slender appendage exserted 1 to 7 inches beyond the spathe. The mature berries are reddish-orange in color. This plant is less abundant than the Jack-in- the-pulpit, and much less conspicuous.
40 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Figure IT Green Dragon or Dragon-root
(Arisaema dracontium (Linnaeus) Schott)
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 3
JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT; INDIAN TURNIP Arisaema triphyllum
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 41
Wild Calla; Water Arum Calla palustris Linnaeus Plate 4 A perennial herb of swamps and bogs with long, acrid rootstocks, covered with sheathing scales and with fibrous roots at the nodes, from which arise numerous petioled leaves with thick, entire, glossy green, broadly ovate or suborbicular leaf blades 2 to 5 inches wide, cuspidate or pointed at the apex and deeply cordate at the base. Flowering scapes about as long as the petioles, sheathed at the base, bearing at the summit an ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, acuminate, open spathe, white within and greenish without, sometimes with a second spathe nearly opposite the first and smaller in size, or rarely the two of equal size. Spadix cylindric, much shorter than the spathe, densely covered with perfect flowers, or the uppermost flowers staminate. The individual flowers on the spadix possess usually six stamens and no perianth. Ovaries ripening into a large head of red berries. Frequent in swamps and bogs, especially northward. Rare in the southern part of the State. Flowering from late May to early July, the fruit ripening from June to August.
Skunk Cabbage Spathyema foetida (Linnaeus) Rafinesque Plate 5 A fetid herb, and the first plant to flower in the spring. The leaves are large, ovate, cordate, numerous in dense crowns, becoming in summer 1 to 3 feet long and 1 foot wide, but at flowering time scarcely beginning to unfold. Rootstock thick, descending, terminating in whorls of fleshy fibers. Spathe preceding the leaves, erect, 3 to 6 inches high, 1 to 3 inches in diameter, convolute, firm and fleshy, often one-fourth to one-half of an inch thick in the middle, pointed, completely inclosing the spadix, brown to greenish yellow, usually mottled, its short scape usually below the surface.
42 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Spadix about 1 inch in diameter, entirely covered by the perfect flowers, greatly enlarged and sometimes 6 inches in diameter in fruit. The perianth of each flower consists of four hooded sepals.
A common plant of low, wet woods, meadows and swamps. When the spathes first appear, they possess little of the rank odor which characterizes them when older and which renders them objects of opprobrium. They appear almost before the last snowdrifts have dis- appeared and indicate the first awakening of plant life in spring.
The Arum family (Araceae), to which belong the Jack-in-the-pulpit, the Wild Calla, and the Skunk Cabbage, also contains several other native plants usually found in wet or damp places. The Green Water Arum (Peltandra virginica (Linnaeus) Kunth) with bright-green, hastate-sagittate leaves, often I to 2 feet long and 3 to 8 inches wide, possesses an inconspicuous green spathe, 4 to 8 inches long, with a strongly involute undulate margin. The Golden Club (Orontium aquaticum Linnaeus), found only in a few localities in the southern part of the State, possesses a cylindric, golden yellow spadix, from which the spathe falls at flowering time.
The Sweet Flag, Calamus or Flagroot (Acorus calamus Lin- naeus) (figure III) belonging also to this family isa common plant of wet meadows, with long, linear, flaglike leaves and the spathe a leaflike exten- sion of the scape, the spadix spikelike, 2 to 3 inches long and about one-half of an inch in diameter, compactly covered with minute greenish
yellow flowers. Yellow-eyed Grass Family
Xyridaceae Carolina Yellow-eyed Grass Xyris caroliniana Walter Plate 2b A small, tufted, grasslike plant of wet meadows and bogs, with numerous fibrous roots and flat, linear, grasslike leaves 4 to 15 inches long. Flowering scapes as long or usually much longer than the leaves. Some-
times over a foot tall, bearing at the summit a dense, ovoid, obtuse spike
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Figure ITI Sweet Flag, Calamus or Flagroot
(Acorus calamus Linnaeus)
44 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
of coriaceous, overlapping bracts or scales. Flowers bright yellow, about one-fourth of an inch broad, on short, slender peduncles; each flower con- sisting of three oblong divisions to the corolla, three stamens inserted on the corolla and a three-branched style. Flowers appearing from the axils of the bracts comprising the spike.
In swamps, bogs and borders of streams from Maine to Florida and Louisiana, mostly near the coast. Flowering from June to August; in New York usually flowering in July.
Several closely related species are recognized by botanists. XKyris flexuosa Muhlenberg, of about the same range, has the scapes bulbous- thickened at the base. Xyris montana H. Ries, in bogs from Nova Scotia to Michigan and Pennsylvania, is frequent in the mountainous parts of New York, and resembles very closely the Carolina Yellow-eyed Grass.
Pipewort Family Bit tocadwliace are Seven-angled Pipewort Eriocaulon septangulare Withering Plate 6a
A small, tufted plant with pellucid, fenestrate-nerved leaves arising from the crown, I to 3 inches long. Flowering scapes weak, twisted, usually about seven-angled, 1 to 8 inches tall, or when submersed, both the leaves and the scapes considerably elongated, bearing at the summit a small subglobose head of woolly white flowers, interspersed with numerous bracts; most of the flowers staminate and about one-eighth of an inch long, the few pistillate flowers scarcely more than half as large.
In still water and on shores of ponds, lakes and streams, usually where it is sandy, from Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Usually in flower in this State in July and August. In the south are numerous
other species of this and related genera.
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 45
Spiderwort Family Commelinaceae Asiatic Dayflower Commelina communis Linnaeus Plate 6b
A glabrous plant with decumbent or ascending branching stems, often rooting at the nodes, 1 to 3 feet long with numerous oblong-lanceolate leaves 3 to 5 inches long and 1 to 13 inches wide, acuminate at the tips and narrowed or rounded at the base, smooth and dark green, the stem with white-membranous, green-veined sheaths below each leaf. Flowers toward the ends of the branches or stems, each subtended by green leaflike spathes about 1 inch long, deep blue, one-half of an inch broad or broader, irregular, consisting of three sepals and three petals, two of them much larger than the third; three fertile stamens, one of them incurved and its anther larger than the others. In addition there are three sterile stamens. Fruit a small, two-celled capsule, each cell with two seeds; seeds compressed, dark brown and roughened.
A native of Asia, commonly naturalized or adventive in southern New York and southward, and occasionally appearing farther north. Sometimes called “‘ Wandering Jew.”’
Spider Lily; Spiderwort Tradescantia virginiana Linnaeus Plate 7
A tall, smooth or slightly pubescent plant, belonging to the same family as the Dayflower, often 1 to 3 feet tall, with long, linear or linear- lanceolate, long-pointed leaves, often a foot long and one-half to 1 inch wide, usually more or less channeled along the middle. Flowers in terminal umbels or clusters on slender pedicels, one-half to 2 inches long; blue or purplish, rarely white, 1 to 2 inches broad with three small sepals, three large, obovate, similar petals, and six equal and fertile stamens.
46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
In rich soil, mostly in woods and thickets, from southern New York, Ohio and South Dakota, south to Virginia and Arkansas. A common plant in cultivation farther north where it is a frequent escape to roadsides and fence rows. Although of great beauty, the flowers are of brief duration, and the delicate petals soon wither, the flowers being followed by others until all the numerous buds of each cluster have bloomed. With us it usually flowers in June and July’or sometimes as late as August, especially since not all the stems appear to reach maturity at the same time.
Pickerel Weed Family Pontederiaceae Pickerel Weed Pontederia cordata Linnaeus Plate 8
A perennial aquatic herb, rising from a thick, horizontal rootstock, with thick, glossy, dark-green, ovate to lanceolate leaves, cordate-sagittate, truncate or narrowed at the base, 2 to 10 inches long, I to 6 inches wide, the apex and basal lobes obtuse. Flowering stems erect, 1 to 4 feet tall, glandular-pubescent above, one-leaved, with several sheathing, bractlike leaves at the base. Flowers blue, ephemeral, numerous, in a dense head or spike (spadix) subtended by a thin bractlike spathe. Each flower is tubular, about one-fourth of an inch long, curved, two-lipped, the upper lip composed of three ovate lobes, of which the middle one is the longest, and with two yellow spots at the base within, the lower lip of three linear- oblong spreading lobes. Stamens six, the filaments, anthers and style bright blue. After flowering, the lobes and upper part of the perianth tube wither above, while the persistent base hardens around the fruit.
Frequent along the borders of ponds and streams and shallow margins of lakes, where it flowers from June to September, usually at its best in August. One of the most attractive of our native aquatic plants.
The Pickerel Weed belongs to the Pontederiaceae, represented in our flora by but one other genus, the Mud Plantains (Heteranthera), with
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 47
two species of small, inconspicuous herbs of shallow water or wet muddy shores. Bunchflower Family
Melanthaceae
Glutinous Triantha or False Asphodel Triantha glutinosa (Michaux) Baker Plate ob
A perennial, herbaceous plant, somewhat bulbous at the base; stems 6 to 20 inches high, viscid pubescent with black glands, bearing a few leaves near the base; most of the leaves basal and tufted, linear and grasslike, 2 to 7 inches long. Flowers numerous in an oblong raceme at apex of the stem, subtended by minute involucral bracts, each flower about one-fourth of an inch broad, the perianth white, divided into six nearly equal oblong segments; stamens six, with pink or reddish anthers; fruit a small oblong capsule, the tiny seeds with a curved appendage at each end.
An inhabitant of sphagnum or marly bogs from Newfoundland to Minnesota, Michigan and the southern Alleghanies. By no means a common plant, and one which the wild flower connoisseur always likes to locate, and which repays by its rarity rather than its beauty the inevitable journey to the boggy place where it grows.
Glaucous Anticlea Anticlea chlorantha (Richardson) Rydberg
Plate 9a
A slender, herbaceous, perennial plant from a membranous coated, ovoid bulb which is about an inch long. Stems slender, 6 inches to 3 feet tall; leaves linear, one-eighth to seven-eighths of an inch wide, keeled, the lower ones 4 to 12 inches long, the upper ones much shorter. Inflor- escence a simple, open raceme or large, loose panicle, 4 to 12 inches long, with slender, ascending branches. Flowers perfect, greenish or yellowish, about three-fourths of an inch broad; perianth segments oval or obovate, obtuse, bearing a large obcordate gland just above the short claw, the
45 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
perianth persistent and adnate to the lower part of the ovary after withering. Fruit an oblong, three-celled capsule, about 1 inch long.
An inhabitant of marshes, bogs and moist places, New Brunswick to Vermont, New York, Manitoba and Missouri. Flowering in August. Not so rare as the Glutinous Triantha, but usually growing in similar locations.
Bunchflower Melanthium virginicum Linnaeus Plate 10
A rather tall, leafy, herbaceous plant, perennial by a thick rootstock; stems slender to somewhat stout, 2 to 5 feet high. Leaves linear, acumi- nate, often a foot long, but only one-third to 1 inch wide, the lower ones sheathing the stem, the upper ones smaller and sessile. Inflorescence a many-flowered panicle, 6 to 18 inches long, pubescent; flowers about three- fourths of an inch broad, greenish yellow, turning brown with age; perianth of six spreading, separate, persistent segments, each segment consisting of an oblong, obtuse, flat blade, sometimes obcordate, about twice as long as the claw, and bearing two dark glands at its base; stamens shorter than the segments and adnate to them; fruit a three-lobed capsule, about two- thirds of an inch long.
In meadows, wet woods and marshes, Rhode Island to southern New York and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering in July and August.
The Bunchflower is not a common plant in New York, and is found only in a few localities in the southern part of the State. Two closely related species are equally uncommon and also restricted to the southern part of the State. These are: (1) the Crisped or Broad-leaved Bunch- flower (Melanthium latifolium Desvaux), with broader leaves and the blade of the perianth segments undulate, crisped and scarcely longer than the claw; (2) the Pine-barren Oceanorus (Oceanorus leimanthoides (A. Gray) Small), with linear, blunt leaves, the outer
ones becoming fibrous, and small whitish flowers with oblong perianth segments, which are sessile.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum _ Plate 9 x c on
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A. GLAUCOUS ANTICLEA B. GLUTINOUS TRIANTHA; FALSE ASPHODEL Anticlea chlorantha Triantha glutinosa
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 10
BUNCHFLOWER Melanthium virginicum
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 49
American White Hellebore; Indian Poke Veratrum viride Linnaeus Plate 11
A tall, leafy, perennial herb; stem simple and branched only in the inflorescence, stout, 2 to 8 feet tall, from a poisonous, perennial, erect root- stock 2 to 4 inches long and 1 to 2 inches thick with numerous fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, clasping, strongly veined and plaited, all pointed at the apex; the lower leaves broadly oval or elliptic, 5 to 12 inches long, 3 to 6 inches wide; the upper ones successively narrower and shorter, those of the inflorescence very small; stem and inflorescence pubescent. Flowers greenish or greenish yellow, two-thirds to 1 inch broad arranged in a many- flowered panicle at the summit of the stem, the panicle often 8 to 20 inches long, its lower branches spreading or drooping. Segments of the perianth six, without glands or claws, oblong or oblanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, twice as long as the curved, yellow stamens which are six in number and opposite the perianth segments. Fruit a three-lobed, three-celled, many-seeded capsule, three-fourths to 1 inch long and one-third to one-half of an inch thick.
In swamps and wet woods, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Flowering in May and June, or July in the far north.
Lily Family Ie eli arcierare Day Lily Hemerocallis fulua Linnaeus Plate 12
A tall, glabrous herb with fibrous roots, usually growing in dense clusters. Leaves mostly basal, linear, erect or spreading, 1 to 2 feet long and one-half to two-thirds of an inch wide, channeled and tapering to an acute tip. Flowering scapes leafless, 2 to 5 feet tall, bearing a few short bracts above, and six to fifteen flowers on short pedicels. Perianth
50 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
funnelform, tawny-orange, 4 to 5 inches long, opening for a day, its lobes oblong, somewhat spreading, netted-veined, the three outer nearly flat
and more acute; the three inner ones undulate on their margins and blunt. Stamens six, inserted at the top of the perianth tube, shorter than the
lobes of the perianth and declined. Fruit an oblong, thick-walled, three- angled, wrinkled capsule.
Native of Europe and Asia. Frequent in cultivation in this country and commonly escaped to meadows, along streams and roadsides or persistent in old yards and cemeteries. A flower of early introduction into the eastern states where it has made itself quite at home as an escape, and thrives and spreads with amazing rapidity under favorable conditions.
The Yellow Day Lily (Hemerocallis flava Linnaeus), with yellow flowers, their lobes parallel-veined, is occasionally found near old gardens and on roadsides, but not so frequently as the tawny-orange flowered Day Lily.
Red Lily; Wood Lily; Philadelphia Lily Lilium philadelphicum Linnaeus Plate 13
Stems 1 to 3 feet tall from a bulb about I inch in diameter and com- posed of numerous narrow, jointed, fleshy scales. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower leaves sometimes obtuse, in whorls of three to eight on the stem, or a few of the upper leaves alternate, thin, with finely roughened margins. Flowers one to five at summit of stem, erect, 3 to 4 inches high; perianth reddish orange, its six equal segments spatulate, somewhat spreading, pointed or obtuse, one-half to 1 inch wide, gradually narrowed below, spotted with purple toward the base; stamens six, about as long as the club-shaped style. Capsule oblong-ovoid, 1 to 2 inches long.
In rather dry woods and thickets, more often in sandy regions than elsewhere, Maine and Ontario to North Carolina and West Virginia.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 11
AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE; INDIAN POKE Veratrum viride
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 13
f
RED, WOOD OR PHILADELPHIA LILY Lilium philadelphicum
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 51
Wild Yellow Lily; Canada or Nodding Lily Lilium canadense Linnaeus Plate 14
Stems 2 to 5 feet tall, from a stout rootstock bearing several subglobose, scaly, white bulbs. Leaves in whorls of four to ten or some of them alter- nate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 6 inches long, one- fourth to 1% inches wide, finely roughened on the margins and on the veins beneath. Flowers one to sixteen, nodding on long peduncles at the top of the stem; perianth segments 2 to 3 inches long, yellow or red, usually thickly spotted, recurved or spreading; fruit an oblong, erect capsule 1 to 2 inches long.
Common in swamps, moist meadows, and fields, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia, Alabama and Nebraska. Flowering in July and August. A common and most attractive wild flower of the east, more abundant than the Turk’s-cap Lily (Lilium superbum Linnaeus), which has similar but usually larger flowers, usually orange-red and purple- spotted, more strongly recurved flower segments and leaves smooth and not roughened on the margins or veins as in L. canadense.
Yellow Adder’s-tongue; Dog’s-tooth Violet Erythronium americanum Ker Plate 15a
A low, herbaceous plant arising from a deeply buried corm which propagates by offshoots; the simple stem 6 to 12 inches long, bearing a pair of equal or somewhat unequal, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, flat leaves, dark glossy green, usually mottled with brown, sometimes green all over, narrowed into clasping petioles; the flower stem arising from between the leaves, bearing a single nodding flower; perianth yellow or rarely purplish-tinged, the segments oblong, seven-eighths to 2 inches long, about one-fourth of an inch wide or less, recurved, dotted within, the three inner ones auricled at the base; style club-shaped; capsule obovoid.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
on Ny
In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota south to Florida and Arkansas. Flowering in April and May.
One of the commonest and best known of our spring flowers, coming in company with the Hepatica, Spring Beauty, and Squirrel Corn, but usually in its prime a little later than these. The white Dog’s-tooth Violet (Erythronium albidum Nuttall), with leaves less or not at all
spotted and pinkish white flowers, is very rare.
Ague or Colicroot; Star Grass Aletris farinosa Linnaeus Plate 16
Leaves mostly basal, lanceolate and spreading, forming a dense cluster, lanceolate, long pointed, narrowed at the base, pale yellowish green, 2 to 7 inches long, one-fourth to 1 inch wide. Roots numerous, tough and very bitter. Stem or scape 1 to 3 feet tall, bearing a few distant bractlike leaves. The terminal raceme of flowers 4 to 12 inches long; flowers erect on short pedicels subtended by small bracts; perianth tubular-oblong, six- lobed, white or the short lobes yellowish, about one-fourth to one-third of an inch long and less than half as thick, mealy-roughened without; capsules ovoid, about one-sixth of an inch long, inclosed by the withering- persistent perianth.
In dry, mostly sandy soil, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Arkansas. Flowering in June and July. In New York rarely seen except in the sandy regions adjacent to the coast. Extremely abun- dant on sterile sandy fields like the Hempstead plains of Long Island, where it is very conspicuous in early summer. It possesses a number of vernacular names, such as Ague Grass, Blazing Star, Bitter Grass, Crow Corn, Mealy Starwort, Aloeroot, Starroot, Huskroot, and others.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 14
WILD YELLOW LILY; CANADA OR NODDING LILY Lilium canadense
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 15
A. YELLOW ADDER’S-TONGUE; DOG’S-TOOTH VIOLET Erythronium americanum
B. CLIMBING FALSE BUCKWHEAT Bylderdykia scandens
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum
Plate 16 ees)
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 53
Lily of the Valley Family Convallariaceae Yellow Clintonia; Dogberry Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Rafinesque Plate 17
Flowering scape or stem 6 to 15 inches high, with two to five (usually three), oval, oblong or obovate, thin, glossy green leaves at the base, their petioles sheathing the base of the stem which arises from a slender root- stock. Leaves ciliate, 5 to 8 inches long, and 14 to 34 inches wide. Flowers three to six, forming an umbel at the top of the stem, sometimes a secondary cluster of flowers below the top, drooping, greenish yellow, three-fourths
to 1 inch long, on pedicels about as long as the flowers; perianth segments
g; distinct, six in number, equal and somewhat spreading, the six stamens about as long as the perianth. Fruit an oval, dark blue, shining berry about one-fourth of an inch in diameter.
In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to North Carolina and Wisconsin. Very common in the rich, moist wood- lands of northern New York, but rare or absent from the coastal region. Flowering from the latter part of May until the last of June. The fruit ripe in September.
The White Clintonia (Clintonia umbellulata (Michaux) Torrey), with smaller white flowers, not drooping, and black berries, leaves and scapes more pubescent but otherwise similar, which is common in the southern Appalachians, reaches New York in the southwestern counties of the State.
Wild or False Spikenard; False Solomon’s-seal Vagnera racemosa (Linnaeus) Morong Plate 18
Stem slender or stout, erect or ascending, sometimes zigzag, 1 to 3 feet tall, simple, bearing numerous alternate, sessile or nearly sessile oblong- lanceolate or oval, acuminate leaves, 3 to 6 inches long, I to 3 inches wide,
54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
which are finely pubescent, especially beneath, and sometimes also above, their margins minutely ciliate. Rootstock rather thick and fleshy with numerous long, fibrous roots, the scars of former stems irregular and ring- like. Flowers white; many, forming a large terminal panicle, 1 to 4 inches long; each flower about 2 lines broad; perianth of six oblong, equal, separate, spreading segments. Fruit a red, aromatic berry about 3 lines in diameter and speckled with purple. In Bergen swamp occurs a variety with three to six purple stripes like the fruit of V. stellata.
In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Missouri and Arizona.
The Star-flowered Solomon’s-seal (Vagnera stellata (Linnaeus) Morong) is scarcely less abundant, but seems to prefer thickets and banks with more moisture. The leaves are smaller and narrower, the flowers fewer in number, larger, white, and racemed; the berries green with six black stripes, or entirely black.
Three-leaved Solomon’s-seal Vagnera trifolia (Linnaeus) Morong Plate 32a
Stem and leaves glabrous from a slender, elongated rootstock, the erect stem 2 to 15 inches high with two to four (usually three) oval, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile leaves 2 to 5 inches long, one-half to 2 inches wide with sheathing bases. Flowers white, few, racemed at the top of the stem; perianth segments oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, finally some- what reflexed and longer than the stamens. Fruit a dark-red berry about one-fourth of an inch in diameter. ;
In bogs and wet woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Usually abundant in sphagnum under or near spruces and tamaracks, and therefore rare out- side the mountainous sections of the State except on the margins of bogs and mossy swamps where the spruce and tamarack abound, as, for instance, Cicero swamp in Onondaga county, and Bergen swamp in Genesee county, as
well as numerous other swamps of similar character throughout the State.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 17
YELLOW CLINTONIA; DOGBERRY Clintonia borealis
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 18
WILD OR FALSE SPIKENARD; FALSE SOLOMON’S-SEAL Vagnera racemosa
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 55
False or Wild Lily of the Valley Two-leaved Solomon’s-seal Unifolium canadense (Desfontaines) Greene Plate 19
A low, herbaceous perennial with slender rootstock, and _ slender, erect and often zigzag stem, 2 to 7 inches high, bearing one to three (usually two) ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed leaves, cordate at the base and sessile or short-petioled; stemless plants frequent and consisting of a single leaf on a petiole 1 to 4 inches long arising from the rootstock. Flowers white, numerous, forming a rather dense terminal raceme, I to 2 inches long; perianth about one-fifth of an inch broad with four spreading, separate segments, which slightly exceed the four stamens in length; fruit a cluster of pale-red, speckled berries, each with one or two seeds.
In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory of Canada, south to the mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, Iowa and South Dakota. Flowering in May and June.
A common wild flower of most parts of New York, especially in the moist cool forests of the northern and mountainous sections.
Sessile-leaved Bellwort Uvularia sessilifolia Linnaeus Plate 20a
Stems slender, glabrous, 4 to 12 inches high, naked or with one or two leaves below the fork. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long when they mature, thin, sessile, acute at each end, slightly rough-margined, pale or glaucous beneath; flowers greenish yellow, two- thirds to 11 inches long; the six perianth segments smooth, the stamens shorter than the styles; anthers blunt; fruit a sharply three-angled capsule, narrowed at both ends, about 1 inch long and two-thirds as thick.
In moist woods and thickets, usually most abundant where the soil is sandy, New Brunswick and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia
56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and Arkansas. Except in the coastal region and other sections of the State with sandy soil, this small-flowered bellwort is not so abundant asU. grandiflora and U. perfoliata.
Large-flowered Bellwort Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith Plate 20b
An erect herb with smooth, leafy, forked stem from a perennial root- stock; stem with one or two leaves below the fork, 6 to 20 inches high. Leaves perfoliate, oblong, oval or ovate, pubescent beneath, glabrous above, becoming 2 to 5 inches long, acute at the apex, rather smaller and often scarcely unfolded at flowering time; flowers solitary at the ends of the branches, peduncled, drooping, narrowly bell-shaped, lemon-yellow, I to 13 inches long, perianth segments six, distinct, smooth on both sides or very slightly granular within; stamens six, longer than the styles which are united to about the middle; anthers linear, the connective blunt; fruit a three-angled, truncate capsule, about one-half of an inch long.
In rich upland woods, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia and Kansas. Flowering in April and May. A common flower of most sections, especially in rich woodlands. In the Ontario lowlands and Hudson valley it is largely replaced by the Perfoliate Bellwort (Uvularia per- foliata Linnaeus), which differs chiefly in having smooth and glaucous foliage, and slightly smaller flowers with the perianth segments papillose within.
Sessile-leaved Twisted-stalk Streptopus roseus Michaux Figure IV
Stems 1 to 3 feet high from a short, stout rootstock covered with fibrous roots. Branches usually three or four in number and obliquely ascending, all leafy and sparingly pubescent. Leaves alternate, thin, many-nerved, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 44 inches long, long pointed at the apex, sessile, rounded or slightly clasping the stem at the base, green on both
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK SH
sides, but usually paler beneath, their margins finely ciliate. Flowers purple or rose colored, about one-third of an inch long, slender- peduncled, solitary or two together from the axil of each of the upper leaves on slender peduncles, one-half to 1 inch long, the peduncle bent or twisted at about the middle; perianth bell-shaped, its six segments lanceolate and pointed, their tips somewhat recurved or spreading. Stamens six, shorter than the perianth. Fruit a globose, red berry about one-third of an inch or less in diameter.
In moist woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, Georgia and Michigan. Flowering in May and June.
The Clasping-leaved Twisted-stalk (Streptopus amplexi- folius (Linnaeus) De Candolle) is similar but the leaves are clasping around the stem at their bases, glaucous or whitish beneath and the flowers are greenish white in color.
The Hairy Disporum (Disporum lanuginosum (Michaux) Nichols.) resembles the Twisted-stalks in manner of growth, but the leaves are somewhat narrower and not clasping and the flowers are solitary or few together at the ends of the branches, one-half to three-fourths of an inch long and greenish in color. It is found in woods in western New York.
Hairy Solomon’s-seal Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott
Plate 21
Stems slender, smooth, arching, often zigzag above from a thick, horizontal, jointed rootstock, bearing the raised orbicular scars of the stems of former years; stem naked below, above bearing six to many opposite or nearly opposite, oval or ovate leaves, 2 to 4 inches long, one-half to 2 inches wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, narrowed or obtuse at the base, pale or pubescent beneath, glabrous above, the upper leaves commonly narrower than the lower; flowers in drooping, axillary clusters of one to four (often two), perianth greenish or greenish yellow, tubular, one-third to one-half of an inch long, with six short lobes; the six stamens shorter than the tube, their anthers sagittate and filaments minutely roughened. Fruit a dark blue, pulpy berry about one-fourth of an inch in diameter.
58 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Figure IV Sessile-leaved Twisted-stalk
(Streptopus roseus Michaux)
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 21
le: :
HAIRY SOLOMON’S-SEAL Polygonatum biflorum
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 59
A common but not showy plant of woods and thickets from New Brunswick to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and Tennessee.
Resembling this but usually larger in every way, with glabrous leaves and smooth filaments, is the Smooth or Giant Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum commutatum (Roemer & Schultes) Dietrich), which ranges northeastward only to Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Ontario. It seems to prefer moist thickets and woods along streams and on bottomlands, while the Hairy Solomon’s-seal is more commonly met with in rich upland woods.
Wake-robin Family iMeawlilttarcerare Indian Cucumber Root Medeola virginiana Linnaeus Plate 22 A slender, erect, unbranched herb from a perennial rootstock 1 to 3 inches long; stem 1 to 23 feet high, loosely covered with deciduous wool, bearing the lower whorl of leaves above the middle or, in flowerless plants, at the summit; leaves of the lower whorl sessile, 2 to 5 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide; acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, three to five- nerved; leaves of the upper whorl 1 to 2 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide, short petioled or sessile, often turning reddish at the base; umbel of two to nine flowers on filiform pedicels, 1 inch long or less, declined in flower, erect or ascending in fruit; perianth segments one-fourth to one- half of an inch long, obtuse, the six equal segments recurved, the three long styles recurved. Fruit a dark blue or purplish berry one-fourth to one-half of an inch in diameter. In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Tennessee. Flowering in May and June. Fruit ripe in
September.
60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
The thick, tuberlike, white rootstock is brittle with numerous slender fibrous roots and has the odor and taste of cucumbers.
Red Trillium; Wake-robin or Birthroot
Trillium erectum Linnaeus
Plate 23a
Stem rather stout, 8 to 16 inches high, from a thick, short rootstock. Leaves rather dark green, very broadly rhombic, 3 to 7 inches long, often as wide or wider, sessile or nearly so, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, peduncle 1 to 4 inches long, erect or nearly so, bearing a single, unpleasantly scented, large flower; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, one-half to 14 inches long; petals lanceolate to ovate, acute, spreading, equalling the sepals or a little longer, dark purplish-red, varying to pink; greenish, white, or reddish yellow in certain aberrant forms; anthers longer than the filaments and exceeding the stigmas; ovary purple with short- spreading or recurved styles; fruit an ovoid, somewhat six-lobed, reddish berry, I inch thick or less.
In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to North Carolina and Tennessee.
White Trillium; Large-flowered Wake-robin Trillium grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisbury Plate 23b
A glabrous, erect, unbranched herb from a stout, perennial, short, scarred rootstock, 8 to 18 inches high; bearing at the top of the stem three light-green, broadly rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oval leaves, 2 to 6 inches long, acuminate at the apex, narrowed and sessile at the base, peduncle erect or nearly so, I to 3 inches long, bearing a single flower 2 to 3 inches broad. The three sepals lanceolate, pointed and spreading. Petals three, erect-spreading, oblanceolate, obovate, or rarely ovate-oblong, obtuse or cuspidate, thin, strongly veined, white, usually turning pink with age, much longer than the sepals. Stamens six, with yellow anthers which are
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum : Plate 22
INDIAN CUCUMBER ROOT Medeola virginiana
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 23
A. RED TRILLIUM; WAKE-ROBIN OR BIRTHROOT Trillium erectum
B. WHITE TRILLIUM; LARGE-FLOWERED WAKE-ROBIN Trillium grandiflorum
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 61
about one-half of an inch long; the three styles slender and ascending. Fruit a globose, black, slightly six-lobed berry, three-fourths to 1 inch in diameter.
In rich woods, preferring ravines and wooded upland slopes, Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri.
Various monstrous forms sometimes occur with two to several long- petioled leaves, double flowers, and even forms with green, variegated or leaflike petals.
Painted Wake-robin
Trillium undulatum Willdenow Plate 24a
Stem slender, 8 to 20 inches high, bearing three ovate, petioled, bluish green, waxy leaves, 3 to 8 inches long, 2 to 5 inches wide, long-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base. Flowers on erect or somewhat inclined peduncles, 1 to 23 inches long; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, three- fourths to 14 inches long, spreading; petals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, white and marked with magenta veins at the base, thin, and longer than the sepals, widely spreading, wavy-margined; the ovoid ovary with three slender spreading styles, ripening into an ovoid,
obtuse, bluntly three-angled bright red shining berry. Common in woods, especially low, moist or cool, sandy woodlands, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Missouri. Flowers in May and usually a few days later than the white or red trilliums.
Nodding Wake-robin Trillium cernuum Linnaeus Plate 24b Stems rather slender, 8 to 20 inches high; leaves pale green, broadly rhombic, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile or with very short petioles, peduncle one-half to 13 inches long, recurved beneath the leaves and bearing a single drooping flower about 1 to 14 inches broad, sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, petals white or pinkish,
62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rolled backward, wavy-margined, two-thirds to 1 inch long, as long or longer than the sepals; anthers about as long as the subulate filaments and overtopping the stout, recurved styles, ovary whitish, ripening into an ovoid reddish-purple berry.
In rich, usually low woodlands Newfoundland to Ontario and Manitoba, south to Georgia and Missouri. Flowering in May or in the extreme northern part of its range in June, usually about ten days later than the white or red trilliums.
Amaryllis Family Amaryllidaceae Yellow Star Grass Hypoxis hirsuta (Linnaeus) Coville Plate 25
A low, perennial herb with the leaves all basal, narrowly linear, one- eighth to one-fourth of an inch wide, more or less villous and mostly longer than the flowering stems, from an ovoid or globose corm, one-fourth to one-half of an inch in diameter; flowering stems erect, slender, villous above, usually glabrous below, 2 to 6 inches high, bearing at the summit an umbel of one to seven flowers; perianth six-parted, its segments narrowly oblong, spreading, equal or nearly so, obtuse, bright yellow within, greenish and villous without, one-fourth to one-half of an inch long; stamens some- what unequal; the style rather shorter than the stamens and three-angled, the stigma decurrent on the angles; capsules in fruit about one-eighth of an inch in diameter, the black seeds angled.
In dry, especially sandy soil, in fields, thickets and open woods, Maine to Ontario, Assiniboia, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Flowering in May and June, but frequently putting up additional flowering scapes as late as August and September.
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum 7. Plate 25
YELLOW STAR GRASS Hypoxis hirsuta
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 63
Iris Family Iridaceae Larger Blue Flag Iris versicolor Linnaeus Plate 26 Stems round and smooth, erect, sometimes flexuous, 2 to 3 feet tall, often branched above, leafy; leaves erect, shorter than and chiefly upon the lower part of the stem, somewhat glaucous, one-half to 1+ inches wide; rootstock horizontal, thick, fleshy, covered with the fibrous roots. Flowers several, the perianth consisting of six, clawed segments united below into a tube, the three outer ones dilated, reflexed, violet-blue, varie- gated with yellow, green and white; crestless, spatulate, 2 to 3 inches long, and wider and longer than the three inner segments; the ovary below the perianth tube, in fruit becoming an oblong, obscurely three-lobed capsule, I to 1% inches long; divisions of the style petallike, arching over the stamens, bearing the stigmas immediately under their two-lobed tips. In marshes, thickets and wet meadows, common along streams and ponds, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Arkansas.
Narrow Blue Flag; Poison Flagroot
Iris prismatica Pursh Plate 27
More slender in every way than Iris versicolor Linnaeus, with a tuberous-thickened rootstock; stem 1 to 3 feet tall, bearing two or three very narrow, almost grasslike leaves usually less than one-fourth of an inch wide; flowers one or two at summit of each stem, blue, veined with yellow on slender pedicels; outer perianth segments one-half to 2 inches long, smooth and devoid of a crest, the inner segments smaller and narrower; the perianth tube about one-fourth of an inch long above the ovary. Fruit a narrowly oblong capsule, acute at each end and sharply three-angled, 1 to 13 inches long.
64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Marshes, wet meadows and swamps, mainly near the coast from Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and Georgia. Flowering in May and June.
Pointed Blue-eyed Grass Sisyrinchium angustifolium Miller Plate 28a
Perennial and tufted, stems stiff and erect, pale green and glaucous, 4 to 18 inches high. Leaves pointed, about half as long as the stems, about one-sixth of an inch or less wide. Stem simple or rarely branched, winged, the edges minutely serrulate. Flowers deep violet-blue, one-half of an inch broad, umbellate from a pair of erect, green or slightly purplish bracts (spathe), the outer bract rather less than twice the length of the inner one, the six spreading segments of the perianth oblong and aristulate at the tip. Capsules subglobose, often purplish tinged, about one-fourth of an inch in diameter or less.
In fields and on hillsides, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Virginia, Nebraska, Colorado and Utah. Flowering from May to July.
There are four other species of blue-eyed grass in New York State: S. mucronatum Michaux, 5. arenicola Bicknell, S.grami- noides Bicknell and S. atlanticum Bicknell.
Orchid Family
Orc hurd a cle ae The members of the Orchid family in New York State, of which several are described and illustrated here, constitute a very important number of our wild flowers and call for a description of the family. They are all perennial herbs with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots and entire, sheathing leaves, in some species reduced to scales. Flowers perfect, irregular, solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth consisting of six segments, the three outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, two of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) unlike the other two, often markedly
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 26
l ]
{ i Hi
LARGER BLUE FLAG Tris versicolor
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 27
NARROW BLUE FLAG; POISON FLAGROOT Iris prismatica
DIDIYJEQUN DAPUDUOD WNUYOJUYSNBUD WINLYIUIAK SUS XVIAGVOL GUVISVa “4 SSVuD GHAG-ANTA GALNIOd *V
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MUOA MON AO SHAMOTA AIIM
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 65
so, usually larger, often spurred. Stamens variously united with the style into an unsymmetrical column, usually one anther, sometimes two, each two-celled; the pollen in two to eight pear-shaped, usually stalked masses (pollinia), united by elastic threads, the masses waxy or powdery and attached at the base to a viscid disc (gland). Style often terminating in a beak (rostellum) at the base of the anther or between its sacs. Stigma a viscid surface, facing the lip beneath the rostellum, or the cavity between the anther sacs (clinandrium). Ovary inferior, usually long and some- times twisted, three-angled, one-celled. Seeds very numerous and minute, usually spindle shaped. Small White Lady’s-slipper Cypripedium candidum Willdenow Plate 29
This is one of the rarer Lady’s-slippers of the east, with rather stiffly erect stems 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves three to five, elliptic or lanceolate, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, two-thirds to 14 inches wide; flowers solitary or very rarely two ona stem; sepals lanceolate, as long or longer than the lip, greenish, spotted with purple; petals somewhat longer and narrower than the sepals, wavy-twisted, greenish; lip white, striped with purple or magenta inside, about three-fourths of an inch long.
In marly bogs and low meadows, sometimes in sphagnum bogs, New York and New Jersey to Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri and Nebraska. Flowering in June and July.
Showy Lady’s-slipper Cypripedium reginae Walter Plate 30
The largest and most showy of our native orchids, with a stout, villous- hirsute stem, I to 3 feet high, leafy to the top. Leaves large, 3 to 8 inches long, I to 4 inches wide, elliptic in shape, acute. Flowers 1 to 3; sepals round-ovate, white, the lateral ones united for their entire length; petals somewhat narrower than the sepals, white, lip much inflated, 1 to 2 inches long, white, variegated with crimson and white stripes.
66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
In swamps and open wet woods, Newfoundland to Ontario, Minnesota and Georgia. Flowering in June and July, more rarely in August in the far north. Known also as Whip-poor-will’s Shoe.
It is doubtful if any wild flower surpasses this in beauty. It has been gathered so extensively for its flowers in some localities that it has become rather rare. It is one of the plants that above all others needs protection in the way of education that will lead lovers of wild flowers to admire its
beauty where it grows, and to use caution in picking.
Yellow or Downy Lady’s-slipper Cypripedium pubescens Willdenow Plate 31
Stems tall and leafy, 14 to 24 feet high; leaves oval or elliptic 3 to 6 inches long, 13 to 3 inches wide, pointed; sepals ovate-lanceolate, usually longer than the lip, yellowish or greenish yellow and striped with purple, petals narrower, usually twisted and elongated; lip much inflated, sub- globose, I to 2 inches long, pale yellow to bright yellow and sometimes with purple lines, a tuft of white, jointed hairs inside at the top; sterile stamen triangular, the thick, somewhat triangular stigma incurved.
In rich woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, Alabama and Nebraska. This species is usually regarded as a form of Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury, which has a small, later- ally compressed lip one-half to three-fourths of an inch long. Since numerous intermediate forms occur it is probable that they represent forms of a single variable species.
Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper Criosanthes arietina (R. Brown) House (Cypripedium arietinum R. Brown) Plate 32b and Figure V Stems 6 to 12 inches high, with three or four elliptic or lanceolate
leaves 2 to 4 inches long, one-third to 3 inches wide, one-flowered; sepals
Memoir 15
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
N. Y. State Museum
Plate 29
SMALL WHITE LADY’S-SLIPPER Cypripedium candidum
apulsad wnipad dK) UadddIIS-S AGWT AMOHS
0¢ 93¥Td uwinesnf 23¥IS “AN CT Wowsyy
MUOA MUN HO SUAMNOTHA AIIM
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
(Photograph by G. A. Bailey)
Figure V Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper
(Criosanthes arietina (R. Brown) House)
67
68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
separate, lanceolate, one-half to seven-eighths of an inch long, longer than the lip; petals linear, greenish brown, about as long as the sepals; lip one- half to three-fourths of an inch long, red and white, veiny, prolonged at the apex into a long blunt spur, somewhat distorted at the upper end, which gives the plant its common name of Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper.
A very rare species of cold and damp woods from Quebec to Manitoba, Massachusetts, New York and Minnesota. It has been collected but a few times in the northern counties of this State. The colored illustration is made from a photograph taken in southern Herkimer county by Mr Edward H. Eames of Buffalo and the accompanying halftone from a photograph by Mr G. A. Bailey of Geneseo.
Moccasin Flower; Stemless Lady’s-slipper Fissipes acaulis (Aiton) Small (Cypripedium acaule Aiton)
Plate 33 and Figure VI
A short-stemmed plant with only two large, basal, elliptic leaves, 6 to 8 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, thick and dark green. The single fragrant flower borne on a scape 6 to 15 inches high; sepals greenish purple, spreading, 13 to 2 inches long, lanceolate, the two lateral ones united; petals narrower and somewhat longer than the sepals; lip a large, drooping, inflated sac with a closed fissure down its whole length in front, 13 to 2} inches long, somewhat obovoid, pink with darker veins, rarely white, the upper part of the interior surface of the lip crested with long, white hairs. Fruit an ascending capsule, pointed at each end.
In sandy or rocky woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Minnesota. One of the few conspicuous wild flowers that appears to be equally at home in the pine lands of the northern coastal plain and the rocky woods of the central and northern part of the State. On Long Island it sometimes blooms in May but in the north it usually blooms in June.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 31
=
YELLOW OR DOWNY LADY’S-SLIPPER Cypripedium pubescens
DUUYOVAD SAYJUDSOVA,) DUOfvAq DAIUBD | UaddITIS-S AGVT GVHH-S,WVa “a4 TIVdUS-S,NONOTIOS GHAVAT-AHYHL “V
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
(Photograph by E. A. Eames)
Figure VI Moccasin Flower; Stemless Lady’s-slipper
(Fissipes acaulis (Aiton) Small)
7O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
(Photograph by O. O. Nylander) Figure VII Small Round-leaved Orchis
(Orchis rotundifolia Pursh)
Small Round-leaved Orchis Orchis rotundifolia Pursh Figure VII
Along with the Calypso, this small orchis shares the distinction of being the rarest wild flower of the State. Its slender stem rises to a height of 6 to 10 inches and bears near the base a single oval or orbicular leaf, 1 to 3 inches long, with one or two scales sheathing the stem below the leaf. Flowers in a short terminal spike, usually five to ten in number, each flower subtended by a small green bract. Sepals and petals oval, rose-colored, the lateral sepals spreading and usually slightly shorter, but sometimes longer than the petals; lip white, beautifully spotted with purple, longer than the petals, three-lobed, the middle lobe larger, dilated and two-lobed or notched at the apex; spur slender, shorter than the lip or barely equalling it in length.
Indamp, mossy woods, Green- land to the Rocky mountains, Maine, New York and Wisconsin. The records of its occurrence in this State are very few. It has
been found in Oneida, Herkimer and Lewis counties, but not in recent
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 33
7
4
MOCCASIN FLOWER; STEMLESS LADY’S-SLIPPER Fissipes acaulis
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 34 ==. =a
SHOWY ORCHIS Galeorchis spectabilis
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Wi
years. Our illustration is from a photograph by Olaf O. Nylander, taken in Maine. Showy Orchis Galeorchis spectabilis (Linnaeus) Rydberg (Orchis spectabilis Linnaeus) Plate 34
Entire plant rather fleshy; stems short, five-angled, 4 to 12 inches high from a short rootstock provided with numerous fleshy roots. Leaves two, near the base of the stem, obovate, dark glossy green, 4 to 8 inches long and 2 to 4 inches wide, clammy to the touch; the three to ten flowers in a terminal spike, each flower about 1 inch long, violet-purple mixed with lighter purple and white, the subtending bracts sheathing the ovaries; sepals united above forming a hood; petals connivent under the sepals and more or less attached to them; lip whitish, wavy, produced into an obtuse spur, about as long as the petals; column short, scarcely extending above the base of the lip, violet on the back.
In rich woods, New Brunswick to Ontario, Dakota, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri and Nebraska. Flowering in May and June or as late as July in the extreme northern part of its range.
Tall Leafy Green Orchis Limnorchis hyperborea (Linnaeus) Rydberg
Plate 37a
A rather inconspicuous orchis with small flowers, the stem usually stout, 10 inches to 3 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, 3 to 10 inches long, one-half to 12 inches wide. Flowers numerous in a narrow terminal spike, small, greenish or greenish yellow; sepals and petals free and spread- ing, ovate, blunt; lip entire, lanceolate, blunt, about one-fourth of an inch long; spur about as long as the lip, blunt, slightly incurved or often thickened at the end (clavate).
In bogs, wet woods and swamps, Greenland to Alaska, New Jersey, Colorado and Oregon. Flowering in May and June or later in cold bogs and woods of the north.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
“J to
The Tall White Bog Orchis (Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydberg) is usually more slender, with small white flowers; the ovate or lanceolate sepals nearly one- fourth of an inch long; petals lanceolate, pointed; lip entire, dilated or obtusely three-lobed at the base, blunt at the apex, about as long as the blunt and incurved spur. In similar situa- tions, but southward only to Maine and New York.
Large Round-leaved Orchis Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydberg Plate 35 and Figure VIII
Flowering scape rather stout, 1 to 2 feet high, with a few inconspicuous bracts, and at the base, spreading flat on the ground, two large orbicular or orbicular-elliptical, dark-green, shining leaves, silvery beneath, 4 to 8 inches in diameter. Flowers forming a loose raceme, each flower on a pedicel about one-half of an inch long, erect in fruit, greenish white; upper sepal short and rounded; lateral sepals spreading, falcate-ovate and blunt; one-third to one-half of an inch long; petals smaller and narrower; lip entire,
oblong-linear, blunt, white, about one-half of an inch long; spur longer than the ovary, about 14 to 2 inches long.
In rich woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania. Flowering in June and July.
Plate 35 shows the flowers after they have begun to fade. The detail of the flowers is shown better in figure VIII. Oakes Ames regards the loose- flowered form with long spurs as Habenaria macrophylla Goldie. and restricts Lysias orbiculata to the form with dense inflorescence and spurs 1 to 1} inches long.
Hooker’s Orchis Lysias hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydberg Plate 36 Stem or flowering scape 8 to 15 inches high, stout, smooth, without bracts, but with two fleshy, shining, dark-green, oval-orbicular or obovate, spreading or ascending leaves at the base, 3 to 6 inches long, rarely flat on the ground. Flowers in a rather loose raceme, 4 to 8 inches long, yellowish
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum
Plate 35
ir
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LARGE
ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS Lysias orbiculata
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 36
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os
HOOKER’S ORCHIS Lysias hookeriana
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 73
Figure VIII Flowers of Large Round-leaved Orchis (Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydberg), left; and Large Coralroot (Corallorrhiza maculata Rafinesque) at right
74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
green; each flower about two-thirds of an inch long; lateral sepals greenish, lanceolate and spreading, about one-third of an inch long; petals narrowly linear; lip linear-lanceolate, pointed, one-third to nearly one-half of an inch long; spur slender, pointed, two-thirds of an inch or more long, as long or longer than the ovary.
In cool, moist woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Iowa. Flowering in June and July or later, in the north.
Yellow-fringed Orchis Blephariglottis ciliaris (Linnaeus) Rydberg Plate 37b
Stem slender, 1 to 23 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, 4 to 8 inches long, one-half to 13 inches wide, the upper ones much smaller. Flowers orange or yellow, large and showy in a terminal, many-flowered spike, 3 to 6 inches long; sepals orbicular or broadly ovate, oblique at the base, the lateral ones mostly reflexed; petals much smaller, oblong or cuneate, usually toothed; lip oblong, about one-half of an inch long, copiously fringed more than halfway to the middle; spur 1 to 14 inches long and very slender.
In meadows and open places in woods, especially in sandy regions, Vermont and Ontario to Michigan, Missouri, Florida and Texas. In New York State it is rare and local north of the coastal plain, occurring on the Schenectady plains and several other places, especially on the Ontario lowlands, from Rome west to Lake Erie.
White-fringed Orchis Blephariglottis blephariglottis (Willdenow) Rydberg Plate 38 A plant similar to the Yellow-fringed Orchis, but with a densely or rather dense, many-flowered spike of pure-white flowers, the petals toothed or somewhat fringed at the apex, rarely entire, the lip copiously or sparingly
fringed.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 37
If 7
B. YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHIS
A. TALL LEAFY GREEN ORCHIS rae or Blephariglottis ciliaris
Limnorchis hyperborea
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 38
WHITE-FRINGED ORCHIS Blephariglottis blephariglottis
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 75 In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Missis- sipp1. When growing with the Yellow-fringed Orchis, it blooms a few days earlier. It is found in nearly all the sphagnum bogs of northern New York and is not uncommon in moist depressions of the sandy coastal plain. Flowering from late June until early August in northern New York.
The Prairie White-fringed Orchis (Blephariglottis leucophaea (Nuttall) Farwell) has larger, white, fragrant flowers, sometimes tinged with green; the lip three-parted, the segments broadly wedge-shaped and copiously fringed. Most abundant westward but occurring eastward to New England.
Ragged or Green-fringed Orchis Blephariglottis lacera (Michaux) Farwell Plate 39b
Stems varying from slender and 1 foot or less high to stout and 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves firm, lanceolate, 3 to 8 inches long, two-thirds to 12 inches wide, decreasing in size upward. Flowers greenish yellow or greenish, in a loose spike, 2 to several inches long; petals linear, blunt, about as long as the sepals; lip three-parted, the segments narrow, deeply fringed or lacerate with a few threads about one-half of an inch long; spur one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, curved and thickened at the end, shorter than the ovary.
Common in swamps, low meadows and wet woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Flowering in June and July. Forms frequently occur in which the fringe of the lip is very short.
Smaller Purple-fringed Orchis Blephariglottis psycodes (Linnaeus) Rydberg Plate 39a Stem rather slender, 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves oval, elliptic or lanceo- late, 3 to 10 inches long, two-thirds to 3 inches wide, becoming smaller above, dark green and glossy above. Flowers lilac-purple or rarely white, fragrant, in a dense, many-flowered terminal raceme, 2 to 8 inches long; petals oblong or oblanceolate, toothed on the upper margin; lip three-
76 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
parted, one-fourth to one-half of an inch broad, the segments fan-shaped and copiously fringed, the fringe of the middle segment shorter than that of the lateral ones; spur somewhat thickened at the tip, about three-fourths of an inch long, and longer than the ovary.
In meadows, swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, North Carolina and Tennessee. Flowering in July and August.
The Large or Early Purple-fringed Orchis (Blephariglottis grandiflora (Bigelow) Rydberg) has a large, dense raceme of lilac or purplish, fragrant flowers, the lower lip, three-parted, the segments broadly fan-shaped and copiously fringed to about the middle. The flowers average one-third or one-half larger than those of B. psycodes; otherwise they are very similar and this may be only a large-flowered race of that species. Growing in similar situations.
Rose Pogonia; Snakemouth Pogonia ophioglossoides (Linnaeus) Ker Plate 40
A slender plant with fibrous roots and stems 8 to 15 inches high, propagating by runners. Leaves one to three on each stem, one-half to 4 inches long, lanceolate or ovate, erect, pointed or rather blunt. Flowers solitary or sometimes in pairs with leaflike bracts, fragrant, pale rose- colored, slightly nodding, 1 to 2 inches broad; sepals and petals similar, two-thirds to 1 inch long; lip spatulate, crested and fringed with white.
In swamps, low meadows and boggy depressions, especially in sandy regions, Newfoundland to Ontario, Florida, Kansas and Texas. Flowering in June and July, and in the north sometimes in flower as late as August.
Whorled Pogonia Isotria verticillata (Willdenow) Rafinesque Figure IX Stems 10 to 15 inches high, from long, perennial, horizontal, fleshy rootstocks, which give rise to new stems by buds. Stems bearing a whorl of five leaves at the summit. Leaves obovate, abruptly pointed at the
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Wi
Figure IX Whorled Pogonia ([sotria verticillata (Willdenow) Rafinesque)
78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
apex, sessile, I to 4 inches long, usually only partially developed at flowering time. Flowers solitary, erect or declined, on a peduncle one-half to two- thirds of an inch long; sepals linear, dull reddish purple, spreading, 14 to 2 inches long and about one-twelfth of an inch wide; petals linear, erect, blunt, light green and arching above the lip, about five-sixths of an inch long; lip three-lobed at the end, middle lobe broadest, white and crenulate on the margin; two lateral lobes of the lip and the lateral margins tinged and veined with bright crimson-purple, most vivid at the apex of the two lateral lobes, crest of the lip green and papillose. Capsule erect, 1 to 14 inches long.
In moist soil of woodsand thickets, often around cold sphagnum bogs, Ontario and Massachusetts to Michigan, Indiana and Florida. Flowering in May and June.
Arethusa; Dragon’s-mouth; Wild Pink Arethusa bulbosa Linnaeus Plate 43b
A low, scapose, smooth plant, 5 to 10 inches high from a small bulb, stem bearing one to three loose sheathing bracts on the stem and a single linear leaf hidden at first in the upper bract and developing after the flower has faded. The single flower arising at the top of the stem from between a pair of small unequal scales, rose-purple, 1 to 2 inches high; sepals and petals similar, linear to elliptic in shape, obtuse, connivent, hooded, and arching over the column; lip usually drooping beneath the sepals and petals, the apex broad, variegated with purplish blotches and crested down the face with three hairy ridges, the margin fringed or toothed. Capsule about t inch long, ellipsoid, strongly six-ribbed.
In bogs, low meadows and mossy depressions or moist thickets, New- foundland to Ontario and Minnesota, South Carolina and Indiana. Flower- ing in May and June. One of the most dainty and beautiful of our native orchids.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 39
I = nae a1
A. SMALLER PURPLE-FRINGED ORCHIS B. RAGGED OR GREEN-FRINGED ORCHIS Blephariglottis psycodes Blephariglottis lacera
Pr er Va a ae
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 40 —
ROSE POGONIA; SNAKEMOUTH Pogonia ophioglossoides
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK ie
Grass Pink; Calopogon Limodorum tuberosum Linnaeus Plate 41a >
Scape slender, 12 to 18 inches high from a round, solid bulb, arising from the bulb of the previous year, a single leaf appearing the first season, followed the next year by the flowering stem and a single linear-lanceolate leaf, 8 to 12 inches long, one-fourth to 1 inch wide. Flowers three to fifteen, forming a loose, terminal spike or raceme, each about 1 inch broad, purplish pink; sepals and petals nearly alike, separate, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, acute; lip broadly triangular and dilated at the apex, bearded along the face with yellow, orange and rose-colored hairs.
Common in bogs or boggy meadows. Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. Flowering in June and July.
Wide-leaved Ladies’-tresses Ibidium plantagineum (Rafinesque) House Plate 42a A rather inconspicuous little orchid, 4 to 10 inches high with tuberous- fleshy roots. Leaves three to five to a stem, mostly near the base, lanceo- late, 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers spreading in a dense, terminal spike, 1 to 2 inches long, one-third to one-half of an inch thick, each flower about one-fourth of an inch long; petals and sepals white, the lateral sepals free, narrowly lanceolate, the upper sepals somewhat united with the petals; lip pale yellow on the face, oblong, not contracted in the middle, the wavy apex rounded, crisped or fringed, the base short clawed, bearing mere traces of callosities at the base. Moist banks, meadows and bogs, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Virginia and Wisconsin. Flowers in June and July.
The most showy species of Ladies’-tresses is Ibidium cernuum (Linnaeus) House (figure X), which is 6 to 24 inches high and pubescent above. Leaves mainly toward the base of the stem, linear-lanceolate or linear, 3 to 14 inches long; flowers very fragrant, white or yellowish, forming
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Figure X
Showy Ladies’-tresses
(Ibidium cernuum (Linnaeus) House)
a spike, 4 to 5 inches long and one-half to two-thirds of an inch thick; flowers spread- ing or nodding, each about five-twelfths of an inch long in three rows; lip oblong or ovate, rounded at the apex, crenulate or crisped on the margin. Flowering in late summer and autumn.
Another common species of Ladies’-tresses is Ibidium strictum (Rydberg) House, perhaps only a race of Ibid- ium romanzoffianum, which has the sepals and petals coherent and connivent into a hood. It iscommon in bogs and swamps during July and August.
Southern Twayblade (Ophrys australis (Lindley) House)
(Listera australis Lindley) Figure XI
The Twayblades are among the smallest of our native orchids and require sharp eyes to detect them among the recesses of the forest or bogs. The Southern Twayblade is about 5 to 10 inches tall, with two ovate, rather pointed, smooth and shining sessile leaves slightly above the middle of the stem
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 41 a pine oe se ——
F > | = ——
= : — A. GRASS PINK; CALOPOGON B. LODDIGES’S RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN Limodorum tuberosum Peramium tesselatum
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 81
at the top of which is a loose raceme of six to fifteen small, yellow- ish green flowers; sepals and petals minute, the lip one-fourth to one- half of an inch long, and two-parted or split nearly to the base four to eight times as long as the tiny petals.
A rare plant of cold, sphagnous bogs in the northern counties, west to Wayne and Onondaga counties and south to Fulton county. In the Appalachian region south to Georgia, this is not a rare species.
Very similar to the Southern Twayblade is the Heart-leaved Twayblade (Ophrys cordata Linnaeus) in which the two sessile leaves are rounded or slightly heart- shaped, and the lip of the flower only two or three times as long as the petals. It is not rare in the Adiron- dack region but on account of its small size is easily overlooked. It has also been found in deep cedar swamps in certain other portions of the State.
Downy Rattlesnake Plantain Peramium pubescens (Willdenow) MacMillan
Figure XII
Flowering scape 6 to 20 inches
(Photograph by E. A. Eames)
Figure XI Southern Twayblade
high, densely glandular-pubescent, (O phrys australis (Lindiey) House)
Figure XII Downy Rattlesnake Plantain
Peramium pubescens (Willdenow) (MacMillan)
| Tennessee.
NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
bearing several lanceolate scales, from a branching, fleshy, perennial rootstock. Leaves all near the base of the scape, I to 3 inches long, two- thirds to 1 inch wide, pointed at the apex, rather abruptly contracted into short petioles, oval or ovate in shape, rather strongly reticulated with white along the principal veins on the upper surface, pale green beneath. Flowers white or tinged with green, forming a rather dense terminal spike which is not one-sided; each flower about one-fourth of an inch long or slightly less; lateral sepals ovate; upper sepals united with the petals to form
an ovate hood (galea); lip saccate
with a short broad blunt recurved
| or spreading tip.
In dry woods, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Flowering in July and August.
The Lesser Rattlesnake Plantain (Peramium ophioides (Fer- nald) Rydberg) is only about 6 to 10 inches high, with smaller, ovate, white-blotched leaves and small, greenish white flowers, one-eighth to one-sixth of an inch long in a one-sided spike. Frequent in woods.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 83
Loddiges’s Rattlesnake Plantain
Peramium tesselatum (Loddiges) Heller
Plate 41b
Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate- lanceolate, I to 2 inches long, one- third to one-fourth of an inch wide, bright green, abruptly narrowed into the petioles which sheathe the base of the stem, more or less marked on the upper surface with white; stem 6 to 14 inches high, glandular-pubescent and scaly, bearing at the summit a loosely spiral spike of flowers I to 5 inches long; flowers whitish, lateral sepals free, the upper ones united with the petals to form a hood (galea), 2 to 3 lines long, broad and recurved at the tip; lip roundish-ovate, slightly saccate at the base, the long tip somewhat recurved.
In coniferous woods, more rarely in open places, Newfoundland to On- tario, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Flowering from July to September.
White Adder’s-mouth
Malaxis monophylla (Linnaeus) Swartz Figure XTII
St fend LO otinGe Figure XIII ber ok eh White Adder’s-mouth
high, smooth, bearing below the middle (Malaxis monophylla (Linnaeus) a single leaf which sheathes the stem, (Swartz)
84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
the blade 1 to 3 inches long, one-half to 13 inches wide. Flowers whitish, very small, in a slender raceme, 1 to 4 inches long; each flower about one- half of an inch long on a very short, nearly erect pedicel; lip triangular or ovate and long pointed.
In woods, thickets and recent clearings, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Pennsylvania and Nebraska. Flowering in July.
The Green Adder’s-mouth (Malaxis unifolia Michaux) has the single leaf clasping the stem near the middle; flowers greenish on slender pedicels; lp broad and three-toothed at the apex. Small and incon- spicuous as well as rather rare.
Large Twayblade Liparis liliifolia (Linnaeus) L. C. Richard Figure XIV
Sceapes 4 to 10 inches high, striate and smooth from a perennial solid bulb, the base of the stem sheathed by several scales and two ovate or oval, blunt, shining, light-green leaves, 2 to 5 inches long, 1 to 23 inches wide. Flowers yellow, numerous, rather showy, forming a loose terminal raceme; petals very narrow and threadlike; lip erect, large, fully one-half inch long, wedge-obovate in shape. Capsule club-shaped and about one-half inch long.
In moist woods, thickets and recent clearings, Maine to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri. Flowering from latter part of May to July.
Fen Orchis; Loesel’s Twayblade Liparts loeselit (Linnaeus) L. C. Richard Plate 42b A low bog orchis with two light-green, shining, elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate leaves, 2 to 6 inches long, one-half to 2 inches wide and obtuse, arising with the short stem from a solitary bulb which, with the base of the stem, is sheathed by several scales and the remains of leaves of former
seasons; flowers greenish yellow, about one-fourth of an inch long, in a
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Figure XIV Large Twayblade (Liparis liliifolia (Linnaeus) L. C. Richard)
85
86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
terminal, loosely flowered raceme; petals linear, somewhat reflexed; lip obovate, pointed, a little shorter than the petals and sepals, its tip incurved; capsules about one-half of an inch long, wing-angled.
In wet thickets, springy banks, and bogs or boggy meadows, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to Alabama and Missouri. Flowering from
late May to July and sometimes later.
Calypso Cytherea bulbosa (Linnaeus) House (Calypso borealis Salisbury) Plate 43a
Stem or scape 3 to 7 inches high from a perennial bulb one-half of an inch or less thick with coralloid roots. The scape bears two or three loose sheathing scales and at the base a single round-ovate leaf, 1 to 2 inches long, blunt or pointed at the apex and rounded or heart-shaped at the base, the petiole 1 to 2 inches long. Flower showy, solitary, 1 to 13 inches broad, at the summit of the scape, variegated with purple, pink and yellow; petals and sepals similar, nearly equal, linear, erect or spreading, each with three longitudinal purple lines. Lip saccate, large, two-divided below, spreading or drooping, with a patch of yellow woolly hairs. Column erect, broadly ovate and petallike, shorter than the petals, bearing the lidlike anther just below the summit.
In bogs and cold Arbor Vitae swamps, Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, New York, Michigan, California and in the Rocky mountains to Arizona and New Mexico. Also in Europe.
One of the rarest and at the same time most beautiful of our native Orchids, appearing much like a small Cypripedium (Lady’s-slipper). In New York it has been found in several localities in southern Herkimer, in Lewis, Oswego and Onondaga counties. The writer found it several years ago in Lodi or Tamarack swamp near Syracuse, but the place has since been obliterated by the growth of the city. For the illustration used here we are indebted to Edward A. Eames of Buffalo.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 87
Large Coralroot Corallorrhiza maculata Rafinesque Figure VIII, page 73 Stems stout or slender, 8 to 20 inches high, with a large mass of coral- like branching rootstocks, the stem purplish, clothed with several appressed scales, devoid of green leaves or green color. Flowers ten to thirty, form- ing a terminal raceme 2 to 8 inches long, purplish brown; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, about one-fourth of an inch long; lip white, spotted and lined with crimson, oval or ovate in outline, deeply three-lobed, crenulate; spur yellowish. Fruiting capsules ovoid or oblong, one-half to two-thirds of an inch long and drooping. In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, Missouri, New Mexico and California. Flowering from July to September.
The Early Coralroot (Corallorrhiza corallorrhiza (Linnaeus) Karsten) blooms in May and June. It has smaller flowers of a dull- purple color; sepals and petals about one-fourth of an inch long and a whitish, oblong lip; spur reduced to a small protuberance adnate to the summit of the ovary. Common in moist woods.
the smallor Vate Coralroot (Corallorrhiza odon tophaze (Willdenow) Nuttall) blooms from July to September. It is 6 to 15 inches high and very slender. Flowers purplish; sepals and petals about one- sixth of an inch long or less, marked with purple lines; lip entire or den- ticulate, whitish, spotted with purple. A rather rare plant of moist woods. All the species of Coralroot are devoid of green leaves or green coloring matter in the stems, because of their parasitic or saprophytic habit.
Lizard’s-tail Family Saururaceae Lizard’s-tail Saururus cernuus Linnaeus
Plate 44 Stem 2 to 5 feet high from a slender rootstock, jointed, pubescent when young, becoming smooth. Leaves ovate, thin, palmately five to nine- ribbed, dark green, entire, deeply cordate at the base, acuminate, 3 to 6
88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
inches long, 2 to 35 inches wide; petioles sheathing the stem at the enlarged nodes; the stem terminating in one or two elongated white spikes, their tips drooping in flower. Flowers fragrant, small, white, without any perianth; stamens six to eight, white, spreading; ovary consisting of three or four carpels united at the base, becoming slightly fleshy and strongly wrinkled in fruit.
In swamps and shallow water, Rhode Island to Florida west to southern Ontario, Minnesota and Texas. Flowering from June to August.
Nettle Family Urticaceae False Nettle
Boehmeria cylindrica (Linnaeus) Swartz
Plate 45
A perennial, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, erect plant, 1 to 3 feet tall, not provided with stinging hairs as are the true nettles. Leaves mostly opposite, thin, petioled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, 1 to 4 inches long, one-half to 13 inches wide. Flowers greenish, small and dioecious, that is, some of the axillary spikes containing only staminate flowers, and others only pistillate flowers, or some of the spikes containing both kinds of flowers (androgynous); the staminate spikes interrupted, the pistillate mostly continuous, one-fourth to 14 inches long, often terminated by small leaves.
In moist soil and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Texas and the West Indies. Flowering from July to September. Not an attractive plant but figured here as a representative of the Nettle family, none of our species having conspicuous flowers. The True or Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica Linnaeus), naturalized in the eastern states from Europe, the Slender Wild Nettle (Urtica gracilis Aiton) and the Wood Nettle (Urticastrum divaricatum (Linnaeus) Kuntze) are all provided with stinging hairs and are most unpleasant plants to encounter unexpectedly in the woods.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 44 = =
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 45 Ir RS ee eT a |
FALSE NETTLE Boehmeria cylindrica
WILD FLOWERS CF NEW YORK 89
Sandalwood Family Santalaceae Bastard Toadflax Comandra umbellata (Linnaeus) Nuttall Plate 28b
Stems numerous from a horizontal, branching rootstock, said to be parasitic on the roots of adjacent herbs, 6 to 18 inches tall, usually branched and very leafy. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pale green, pointed at each end, sessile, one-half to 15 inches long, the lower ones smaller. Flowers numerous in terminal cymes, corymbose at the summit of the stem, or also axillary, their branches divergent or ascending, greenish white, white, or purplish, about one-fifth of an inch long, calyx usually five-lobed, corolla none. Fruit a globose drupe about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, crowned by the upper part of the calyx tube and its five oblong lobes.
In dry fields and thickets, especially sandy soil, Cape Breton Island to Ontario and Assiniboia, south to Georgia, Kansas and Arkansas. At Bergen swamp in Genesee county, New York, it grows in an open marl bog, which, however, is dry in certain seasons, in company with Arethusa bulbosa, Cypripedium candidum, Scirpus caespitosus, Anticlea chlorantha, Triantha glutinosa, Solidago hough- tonii, and other bog plants, a habitat most unusual for this species.
Birthwort Family NPISEOVO EIA CCA Wild or Indian Ginger Asarum canadense Linnaeus Plate 46
Leaves clustered in pairs from a slender, branching, aromatic root- stock, having the flavor of ginger. Leaf blades long petioled, reniform, thin, short pointed at the apex, 3 to 7 inches broad, dark green, the base
gO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
deeply cordate. Entire plant densely and finely pubescent. Flowers on a short, slender peduncle from between the bases of the petioles, often concealed or partly buried in old leaves on the ground, I inch or more broad, brownish purple; calyx ovoid, its tube completely adnate to the ovary, its three lobes inflexed in bud, ovate-lanceolate, acute or long-acuminate, spreading; stamens twelve in number, the stout, short filaments inserted on the inferior six-celled ovary.
In rich woods, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Missouri and Kansas. Flowering in April and May.
In southern New York occurs also the Short-lobed Wild Ginger (Asarum reflexum Bicknell) with smaller flowers, the calyx tube white within, and the triangular, acute lobes strongly reflexed.
Buckwheat Family Proll yeecorm a, cierare
Swamp Smartweed
Persicaria muhlenbergii (S. Watson) Small
Plate 47a
Perennial by long rootstocks, rooting in the mud or in the water, stem erect, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, enlarged at the nodes, 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the upper ones often narrower, 2 to 8 inches long, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, petioled, ocreae cylindric, becoming loose, not ciliate. Flowers in linear-oblong, dense, terminal racemes, 1 to 3 inches long; calyx dark rose-colored, five-parted; stamens five in number.
In swamps, marshes and moist soil, Ontario to British Columbia, Virginia, Louisiana and Mexico. Flowering from July to September.
Lady’s-thumb; Heartweed Persicaria persicaria (Linnaeus) Small Plate 470 Annual, smooth or somewhat puberulent, stems one-half to 2 feet high,
erect or nearly so, simple or branched. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo-
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 46
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late, 2 to 6 inches long, nearly sessile, acuminate at both ends, conspicuously dotted, usually with a triangular or lunar dark blotch near the center; ocreae cylindric, fringed with short bristles. Flowers in dense, erect, ovoid or oblong racemes, one-half to 2 inches long, pink to dark purple; stamens usually six.
Native of Europe but naturalized and often an abundant weed in waste places throughout North America, except in the extreme north.
Arrow-leaved Tearthumb Tracaulon sagittatum (Linnaeus) Small Plate 48a
Stems slender, weak, annual, decumbent, or climbing over other plants by the numerous sharp, recurved prickles which arm its four prominent angles. Leaves lanceolate-sagittate or oblong-sagittate, 1 to 3 inches long, pointed at the apex, slightly rough margined, the lower leaves petioled, upper ones sessile or nearly so, prickly on the petioles and beneath on the midribs; ocreae oblique, not ciliate. Flowers in terminal heads or racemes, rose-colored or greenish; stamens usually eight in number; style three- parted.
In wet soil, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Kansas. Flowering from July to September.
Halberd-leaved Tearthumb Tracaulon arifolium (Linnaeus) Rafinesque Plate 48b
Stems angled, reclining, 2 to 6 feet long from a perennial root, armed with recurved prickles. Leaves broadly hastate, long petioled, 1 to 8 inches long, pubescent or glabrous beneath, the apex and basal lobes sharp pointed ; petioles and larger nerves prickly; peduncles and pedicels glandular; ocreae oblique, fringed at the summit with short bristles and at the base with slender prickles. Flowers in terminal and axillary heads or racemes, rose- colored or greenish, four parted. Stamens six; style two-parted.
g2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
In moist or wet soil and thickets, New Brunswick and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia. Flowering from July to September.
Climbing False Buckwheat Bilderdykia scandens (Linnaeus) Greene (Polygonum scandens Linnaeus) Plate 15b
Stems slender or stout, glabrous, high climbing, 2 to 20 feet long from a perennial root, somewhat rough on the ridges which mark the stem. Leaves ovate, sharp pointed, cordate at the base, 1 to 6 inches long, or the upper ones smaller, finely dotted, ocreae oblique, smooth and glabrous. Flowers in numerous panicled racemes, 2 to 8 inches long, usually inter- rupted with small leaves, yellowish green or whitish; calyx five-parted; stamens eight; calyx in fruit about one-half of an inch long with crisped wings.
In woods, thickets and on banks and along fence rows, Nova Scotia to Ontario and British Columbia, south to Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Flowers in August and September.
Coast Jointweed
Polygonella articulata (Linnaeus) Meisner Plate 49a
Stems slender, wiry, erect or somewhat diffusely spreading, annual, glaucous, simple or the larger ones often much branched, 4 to 12 inches high. Leaves linear or linear-subulate, with revolute margins, sessile, one-third to 14 inches long, jointed to the summits of the ocreae. Flowers small, in numerous terminal racemes on reflexed pedicels; calyx five-parted, its segments white with a conspicuous purple midrib.
In sand near or on the seashore from Maine to Florida, and inland on the Schenectady plains, those east of Oneida lake, and along the Great Lakes.
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 93
Goosefoot Family Chenopodiaceae Slender or Jointed Glasswort; Saltwort Salicornia europaea Linnaeus Plate 49b A fleshy, glabrous annual plant, 4 to 20 inches high, usually erect and much branched, with opposite, ascending branches, their joints two to four times as long as thick. Leaves reduced to mere scales. Fruiting spikes 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers three at each joint, the middle one as high as the lateral ones. Each flower consists of a fleshy, obpyramidal three-toothed calyx, two stamens and an ovoid ovary. Seed inclosed by the spongy fruiting calyx. Common in salt marshes along the coast from Anticosti to Georgia, and at the head of Onondaga lake.
Pokeweed Family Phy tola ceaicieare Poke; Scoke; Pigeon Berry; Garget
Phytolacca americana Linnaeus
Plate 50
A tall, strong-smelling, succulent and glabrous plant with an erect herbaceous stem 3 to 10 feet tall, from a large, perennial, poisonous root, the pith of the stem divided into discs separated by lens-shaped cavities. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pinnately veined, acute or acuminate at both ends, petioled, 5 to 12 inches long. Flowers in terminal racemes, which become opposite the leaves by continued growth of the stem. Each flower about one-fourth of an inch broad, consisting of four or five rounded, white sepals; ten stamens, slightly shorter than the sepals; and a ten-celled green ovary. Fruit a long raceme of dark-purple berries, each one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch in diameter.
In waste places, fields, woods and thickets, usually in moist soil, often in stony fields and frequently a troublesome weed. Distributed from Maine
94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
and Ontario to Minnesota, Arkansas, Florida, Mexico and Bermuda. Europe has contributed many weeds to America, but the Pokeweed or Scoke is one of the few American plants, often reckoned as a weed, which has become thoroughly naturalized in many parts of Europe.
Purslane Family Portulacaceae Narrow-leaved Spring Beauty Claytonia virginica Linnaeus Plate sra
Stems 6 to 12 inches long, ascending or decumbent from a deep, tuber- ous, perennial root. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, glabrous and some- what fleshy, blunt or pointed, narrowed below into a petiole, the lower leaves 3 to 7 inches long, one-eighth to one-half of an inch wide, the two- stem leaves opposite and shorter. Flowers one-half to seven-eighths of an inch broad, white or pink with darker pink veins, in a loose terminal raceme, often becoming 3 to 6 inches long. Sepals two, ovate, persistent; petals five, emarginate; pedicels slender, becoming recurved.
In moist woods, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to Georgia, Montana and Texas. Flowering in early spring. More frequently found in low woodlands and along streams in the upper part of the State, and not
so frequent as the next species except near the coast.
Carolina or Wide-leaved Spring Beauty
Claytonia caroliniana Michaux
Plate 69a
Closely resembling the Narrow-leaved Spring Beauty, but usually more erect. Basal leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1 to 4 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide, obtuse; stem leaves petioled; flowers fewer. The corm is usually thicker and depressed at the top.
In damp woods, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, Connecticut, south to North Carolina along the mountains, and to Ohio and Missouri. Rare or absent near the coast in New York, but very abundant in the interior where
it occurs in almost every moist woodland. Flowering in the early spring.
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POKE; SCOKE; PIGEON BERRY; GARGET Phytolacca americana
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 95
Chickweed Family Alsinaceae Field or Meadow Chickweed Cerastium arvense Linnaeus Plate 63a
A densely matted or tufted perennial plant, usually more or less pubescent. Flowering stems 4 to 10 inches high, simple or sparingly branched. Lower leaves and those of the numerous sterile shoots linear- oblong, close together, slightly narrowed at the base. Leaves of the flowering stems more distant, linear or narrowly lanceolate, one-half to 13 inches long, one-eighth of an inch wide or slightly wider. Flowers white, one-half to three-fourths of an inch broad, several in a cymose inflorescence. Petals five, obcordate or deeply notched at the ends, much longer than the lanceolate, acute sepals. Fruit a small, cylindrical capsule, a little longer than the sepals and slightly oblique at its apex.
In dry, rocky places, stony fields or ledges, Labrador to Alaska, south to Georgia, Missouri, Nevada and California. Also found in Europe and Asia. Flowering from April to July. In New York usually in bloom during some part of May.
This is a much larger flowered and more attractive plant than the Mouse-ear Chickweed (Cerastium vulgatum Linnaeus), which is naturalized almost everywhere, especially in the stony or rocky places
where the Field Chickweed is found.
Pink Family Cra riy.onpiieyolelaxcierane Bladder Campion; White Ben Silene latifolia (Miller) Britten & Rendel
Plate 52 Stems herbaceous, from a perennial root, glaucous and glabrous, or rarely pubescent, extensively branching from the base, 6 to 20 inches high.
96 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, pointed, variable in size, the lower ones often spatulate. Flowers white, two-thirds to seven-eighths of an inch broad, in loose cymose panicles, often drooping; calyx tubular-campanulate, becoming globose and much inflated, about one-half of an inch long, strongly veined, with five triangular, acute lobes; petals five, each two-cleft, with or without a small crown.
In fields, meadows and waste places, New Hampshire to Ontario, New Jersey and Missouri. Native of Europe and naturalized in this country. Flowering in July and August.
Wild Pink
Silene caroliniana Walter
Plate 53
Densely tufted and perennial from a stout root, 4 to to inches high, viscid-pubescent, especially above, often glabrous below. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, pointed or blunt, 2 to 4 inches long; stem eaves sessile, shorter, oblong or lanceolate. Flowers pink, about 1 inch broad, in terminal cymes. Calyx narrow and tubular, much enlarged by the ripening pod, its teeth ovate, pointed; petals cuneate, emarginate, eroded or finely toothed at the apex, crowned at the base of the claw.
In dry, sandy or rocky soil, Maine to Georgia, west to central New
York, Pennsylvania and Kentucky.
Cuckoo-flower; Ragged Robin Lychnis flos-cuculi Linnaeus Plate 54a Stems slender, erect, 1 to 2 feet high, simple or branching, from a thick, perennial root, downy-pubescent below, slightly viscid above. Lower and basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long; upper leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, opposite and sessile, the uppermost leaves reduced to small bracts; flowers pink, purplish, blue, or white, three- fourths to 1 inch broad, in many-flowered panicles at the summit of the
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 51
r
A. NARROW-LEAVED SPRING BEAUTY Claytonia virginica
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B. ROUND-LOBED HEPATICA OR LIVERLEAF Hepatica hepatica
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 52 =
BLADDER CAMPION; WHITE BEN Silene latifolia
WILD FLOWERS OF
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Silene caroliniana
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 97
stems; calyx one-fourth of an inch long, ten-nerved, cylindrical, becoming campanulate in fruit, its apex with five triangular, pointed teeth; petals five, narrowly clawed, the spreading limbs each cleft into four linear lobes, of which the middle pair is longest.
Moist meadows, fields and waste places, New Brunswick to New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Frequent in cultivation. A native of Europe but thoroughly naturalized in many places in the eastern states. Flowering in July and August.
Sacred Bean Family Nelumbonaceae American Nelumbo or Lotus Nelumbo lutea (Willdenow) Persoon Plate 55
Rootstock stout, nearly horizontal, tuberiferous, in mud beneath 2 to 6 feet of water. Leaves 1 to 2 feet broad, orbicular, or somewhat con- stricted in the middle, centrally peltate, floating or raised a foot or two out of the water, prominently veined, smooth and dark green above, more or less pubescent and finely scaly beneath; leaf petioles and flower stems 3 to 7 feet long, rigid and tough, with several large air canals. Flowers pale yellow, fragrant, 4 to 10 inches broad; petals concave, obovate, blunt, numerous, surrounded by four or five overlapping scales. Carpels numerous, contained in pits in the large convex receptacle which becomes 3 to 4 inches long and obconic in fruit. Seeds about one-half of an inch in diameter.
In rivers and lakes, locally distributed from Massachusetts to Minne- sota, Nebraska, Louisiana and Cuba. Flowering in August at Sodus bay, where a large colony of it exists. Tubers and seeds farinaceous and edible. The local distribution in the north may be due to introduction by the Indians. The Indian Lotus or Sacred Bean (Nelumbo nelumbo (Linnaeus) Karsten), with large pink flowers, is frequent in cultivation.
98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Water Lily Family Nymphaeaceae Large Yellow Pond Lily; Spatter-dock Nymphaea advena Solander Plate 56
Floating and emersed leaves 5 to 12 inches long and 5 to g inches broad, ovate or orbicular-oval, thick, with a sinus 2 to 5 inches deep and generally open; submerged leaves, when present, thin and membranous; petioles, peduncles and lower surfaces of the leaves usually pubescent.
Flowers 14 to 23 inches broad, depressed, globose, yellow, usually tinged
with purple within; sepals six, oblong; petals fleshy, oblong truncate, one- half to two-thirds of an inch long; stamens numerous in five to seven rows; carpels numerous, united into a compound pistil which is surmounted by an undulate, yellow or pale-red stigmatic disc with twelve to twenty-four rays, ripening into an ovoid, berrylike fruit, 1 to 2 inches long and about I inch thick, maintained at the surface of the water or above it.
In ponds, lakes, slow streams or often subterrestrial in boggy meadows, Labrador and Nova Scotia to the Rocky mountains, south to Florida, Texas and Utah. Flowering from May to September. Consists of several races or perhaps species, differing in the character of the pistil, stigmatic disc and leaf outline. In the lakes and ponds throughout the north the small Yellow Pond Lily (Nymphaea microphylla Persoon) is also found, with flowers 1 inch broad or less, and small leaves 2 to 4 inches long and 1 to 3 inches broad. The northern form of the larger Yellow Pond Lily 1s described in some books under the name cf Nymphaea vari- egata (Morong) Greene, and a hybrid between the two, Nymphaea rubrodisca (Morong) Greene, is of frequent occurrence, having fewer stigmatic rays than N. variegata and spatulate petals. Our illustra- tion is from a plant on Long Island.
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AMERICAN NELUMBO OR LOTUS Nelumbo lutea
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 99
Sweet-scented White Water Lily Castalia odorata (Aiton) Woodville & Wood Plate 57
Aquatic, with a thick, horizontal rootstock. Leaves floating, orbicular or nearly so, 4 to 12 inches in diameter, glabrous, green and shining above, purple and somewhat pubescent beneath, the sinus open or almost closed, petioles and peduncles slender with four main air channels. Flowers white or in some varieties pink or rose-colored, 3 to 6 inches broad, very fragrant, with four greenish sepals and numerous, narrowly oblong, blunt petals, the inner ones shorter and narrower and gradually passing into stamens; stamens numerous and yellow. Carpels numerous, united into a compound pistil with radiating, linear, projecting stigmas, becoming a globose, fleshy fruit and ripening beneath the surface of the water by the coiling of the peduncles.
In ponds, lakes and slow streams, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. Flowering from June to August.
Tuberous White Water Lily Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene Plate 58
Leaves orbicular, 5 to 12 inches in diameter, floating, green on both sides, sometimes slightly pubescent beneath, sinus open or closed. Root- stock thick, with numerous lateral tuberous-thickened branches which become detached and propagate the plant. Flowers white, 4 to 9 inches broad, slightly fragrant or inodorous; petals oblong, broader than those of C. odorata, obtuse. Fruit depressed-globose.
In shallow water of bays and protected coves, Lake Champlain, Lake George, Oneida lake and along the Great Lakes to Michigan, south to Delaware and eastern Nebraska and Arkansas. Flowering in July and August.
100 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Crowfoot Family Ranunculaceae Marsh Marigold; Cowslip Caltha palustris Linnaeus Plate 59
A succulent, herbaceous plant with stout, glabrous, hollow stems, erect or ascending, 1 to 2 feet high, branching and bearing several or numerous bright-yellow flowers. Lower leaves long petioled, the blades cordate or reniform, 2 to 8 inches broad, with a narrow sinus, crenate, dentate, or nearly entire on the margin. Upper leaves smaller, with short petioles or sessile with nearly truncate bases. Flowers 1 to 13 inches broad; sepals oval, obtuse, petallike. True petals none. Stamens numer- ous, obovoid. Carpels several, in fruit forming follicles which are slightly compressed, about one-half of an inch long, and slightly curved outward.
In swamps, wet meadows and marshes, Newfoundland to South Carolina, west to Saskatchewan and Nebraska. Flowering in May and June.
Goldenseal; Orange-root Hydrastis canadensis Linnaeus Figure XV
An erect, perennial herb with a thick yellow rootstock. Stems 10 to 15 inches high. Usually each plant with a single, long-petioled basal leaf which is 5 to 8 inches broad and palmately 5 to 9-lobed, the lobes broad, pointed, sharply and unequally toothed. Stem leaves two, borne at the summit of the stem, similar in shape but smaller than the basal leaf, the uppermost leaf just below the solitary, greenish white flower, which is one-third to one-half of an inch broad. Sepals three, petallike and falling away as the flower opens. Petals none. Stamens numerous, their filaments widened and about one-sixth of an inch long; anthers oblong, obtuse.
Carpels several, ripening into an ovoid, crimson head of fruit about two-
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Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum : 7 Plate 57
SWEET-SCENTED WHITE WATER LILY Castalia odorata
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 58
| |
TUBEROUS WHITE WATER LILY Castalia tuberosa
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK IOI
thirds of an inch long, each carpel in fruit tipped with a short recurved beak. In moist or low woodlands, Connecticut to Minnesota, Ontario, Kansas
and Missouri, south to Georgia.
Figure XV Goldenseal or Orange-root (Hydrastis canadensis Linnaeus)
American Globeflower Trollius laxus Salisbury
Plate 61 Stems few or several from a perennial fibrous root, erect or ascending,
often slightly fleshy but weak, from a few inches to 2 feet long. Lower
102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
leaves long-stalked; upper ones short-stalked or sessile; blades 3 to 5 inches broad, parted into five to seven wedge-shaped, cleft or toothed segments, the blades small at flowering time, much enlarged later. Flowers 1 to 14 inches broad, with five to seven spreading, yellowish green, petallike sepals; true petals minute, fifteen to twenty-five in number and much shorter than the numerous yellow stamens. Fruit about 1 inch broad, consisting of several small pods (follicles) each about one-fourth of an inch long and tipped with a straight, slender beak of about one-fourth its length.
A rare or local plant of low or swampy woodlands, New England to Delaware, central and western New York to Michigan. Flowering from April to June.
Goldthread Coptis trifolia (Linnaeus) Salisbury Plate 60a
A low, herbaceous plant with a slender or filiform bright-yellow, bitter rootstock. Leaves all basal, evergreen, long petioled, the blade reniform, I to 2 inches broad, divided to the petiole into three wedge-shaped, obtuse segments, dark green, shining above, paler beneath, sharply toothed. Scape one-flowered, slender; sepals five to seven, oblong, obtuse, white; petals small and club-shaped; carpels three to seven, spreading, about one-fourth of an inch long, on stalks of about their own length, tipped with a beak.
In damp, mossy woods and bogs, Newfoundland to Virginia and eastern Tennessee, Iowa, Minnesota and Alaska.
In the Memoirs of Bastram and Marshall, page 20, it is stated that John Ellis, the eminent naturalist, in a letter to Linnaeus, dated London, April 25, 1758, says: “‘ Mr Colden of New York, has sent Dr Fothergill a new plant, described by his daughter (Miss Jane Colden). It is called Fibraurea, gold thread. This young lady merits your esteem and does honor to your system. She has drawn and described 400 plants in your method only. She uses the English terms. Her father has a plant called after him, Coldenia; suppose you should call this Coldenella, or any other
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 59
MARSH MARIGOLD; COWSLIP Caltha palustris
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 60 ; =a
A. GOLDTHREAD Coptis trifolia
B. HISPID BUTTERCUP Ranunculus hispidus
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 61
AMERICAN GLOBEFLOWER Trollius laxus
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 103
name that might distinguish her among your genera.’’ Linnaeus, however, referred the plant to his genus Helleborus, and when it was subsequently ascertained to be distinct, Salisbury, regardless alike of gallantry and justice, imposed on it the name of Coptis.
Red Baneberry; Black Cohosh
Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willdenow Plate 62
Stems erect, I to 2 feet high, from a perennial root, pubescent or smooth. Leaves ternately divided, the divisions pinnate with the lower ultimate leaflets sometimes again compound; leaflets ovate or the terminal ones obovate, toothed or more or less cleft or incised with pointed or rounded teeth. Flowers small in a dense terminal, ovoid raceme; sepals three to five, petaloid and fugacious. Petals four to ten, spatulate, shorter than the numerous white stamens; pedicels slender, one-half to two-thirds of an inch long. Fruit consisting of a raceme of bright-red, oval or ellipsoid berries, each berry about one-half of an inch long.
In woods, thickets and shaded banks, Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to South Dakota and Nebraska. Flowering from April to early June. A variety with red berries on slender pedicles (Actaea neglecta Gillman) is occasionally found.
White Baneberry; Snakeroot Actaea alba (Linnaeus) Miller Plate 63b Resembling the Red Baneberry in general habit and aspect. Leaflets usually more cut and the teeth and lobes sharply pointed. Flowers in oblong racemes; petals truncate at the apex; fruiting pedicels as thick as the peduncle or in fruit even thicker, with swollen ends, often reddish; berries short-oval, white, sometimes purplish at the ends. A variety with berries on thickened pedicels is occasionally seen. In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Mis- souri. Flowering in April and May or as late as the middle of June.
104 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Biack Snakeroot; Black Cohosh
Cimicifuga racemosa (Linnaeus) Nuttall
Plate 64
Stems tall and slender, 3 to 8 feet high, leafy above, rootstock thick and perennial. Leaves ternate with pinnate divisions; leaflets ovate or oblong, the terminal ones usually obovate, pointed at the apex, truncate or narrowed at the base, margins coarsely toothed, cleft or divided, rather thick texture, smooth or nearly so. Flowers white, with a somewhat fetid odor, in tall, terminal, simple or compound racemes, 6 to 30 inches long, each flower about one-half of an inch broad; petals four to eight, two-cleft; stamens very numerous; pistils one or two, sessile. Fruiting follicles oval, about one-fourth of an inch long, minutely beaked.
In woods and shaded rocky places, Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Missouri. Flowering in July and August.
Wild Columbine; Rock Bells
Aquilegia canadensis Linnaeus Plate 65 Erect and branching, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 1 to 2 feet high, from a perennial root. Leaves ternately decompound, the lower and basal leaves slender-petioled, 4 to 8 inches broad, the ultimate leaflets I to 2 inches broad, sessile or short stalked, obovate, obtuse, cuneate, obtusely lobed and toothed, pale beneath; leaves of the upper part of the stem lobed or divided. Flowers nodding, 1 to 2 inches long, scarlet or rarely white or yellow; sepals five, regular, petaloid; petals concave, produced backward between the sepals into hollow, nearly straight spurs, one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, thickened at the end; stamens numerous, with the styles long exserted. Fruit erect, consisting of five united carpels with slightly spreading filiform beaks. In rocky woodlands and clearings, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from the latter part of April until June.
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Known in many localities as Honeysuckle, a name which should more properly be applied to species of the genus Lonicera. The European Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris Linnaeus) with showy, blue, purple or white flowers is an occasional escape from gardens into woods and fields.
Tall Anemone; Thimbleweed
Anemone virginiana Linnaeus Plate 66
Stem stout, hairy, 2 to 3 feet tall, branching above at the involucre which is composed of two to five, usually three, short-petioled leaves; the lateral peduncles often bearing secondary involucres of smaller leaves. Basal leaves long petioled, broader than long, three-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate-oblong, variously cleft and divided into acute, serrate lobes; those of the involucres similar. Flowers two-thirds to 14 inches broad, on peduncles 4 to 10 inches long; sepals five, white, obtuse; stamens numerous, shorter than the sepals. Carpels numerous, forming an oblong to subceylindric head, two-thirds to 1 inch long and about one-half as thick.
In woods, thickets and clearings, Nova Scotia to Alberta, south to South Carolina, Arkansas and Kansas. Flowering from May to July or August. Consists of several races, differing in size and color of flower, shape of fruit, and in the styles. Of these, the most distinct is Anemone riparia Fernald, with smaller greenish flowers and pointed sepals.
The Slender-fruited Anemone (Anemone cylindrica A. Gray), which is frequent in sandy woods and thickets in the eastern states has silky hairy stems and tufted basal leaves with narrower divisions, white or greenish flowers about three-fourths of an inch broad and the head of fruit
cylindric, 1 inch long or often longer and one-fourth to one-third as thick.
Canada or Round-leaved Anemone
Anemone canadensis Linnaeus Plate 67
Stems slender or stout, 1 to 2 feet tall, somewhat hairy, especially on the lower surfaces of the leaves, branching at the involucre. Basal leaves
106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
long petioled, broader than long, three to five-pointed, the divisions broad, oblong, acute, variously cleft or toothed, those of the primary and secondary involucres similar but sessile. Flowers 1 to 13 inches broad; sepals white or sometimes tinged with pink, oblong, obtuse; head of fruit globose, con- sisting of numerous flattened, orbicular, pubescent achenes, tipped with stout, persistent styles.
Low grounds, along roadsides, railroads and in open woods, Labrador to Assiniboia, Massachusetts, Maryland, Illinois, Kansas and Colorado Very closely related to Anemone dichotoma of Siberia. Flower- ing from May to August, by the development of secondary involucres.
Windflower; Wood Anemone
Anemone quinquefolia Linnaeus Plate 68a Smallest of our wild anemones. Stems simple, glabrous, 4 to 10 inches
high, from horizontal, perennial rootstocks. Basal leaves long petioled, usually developing after the flowering stem, five-parted, the divisions oblong, cuneate, dentate; those of the single involucre on slender petioles one-half to 1 inch long, three- to five-parted, the divisions about 1} inches long, acute, variously cut and lobed. Flowers solitary, about 1 inch broad; sepals four to nine, obovate or oval, white or purplish without; head of fruit globose, inclined, consisting of several pubescent, oblong achenes, tipped with hooked styles.
Common in moist or low woodlands, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Flowering in April and May.
Round-lobed Hepatica or Liverleaf Hepatica hepatica (Linnaeus) Karsten
Plate 51b Leaves long petioled, arising with the flowering scapes directly from the fibrous roots, reniform, hairy, 2 to 23 inches broad when mature, spreading on the ground, three-lobed (occasionaily the lateral divisions again lobed), obtuse. Flowers blue, purple or white, one-half to 1 inch
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 64
BLACK SNAKEROOT; BLACK COHOSH Cimicifuga racemosa
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 65 Te 1
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WILD COLUMBINE; ROCK BELLS Aquilegia canadensis
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 66
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TALL ANEMONE; THIMBLEWEED Anemone virginiana
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 107
broad on hairy scapes 4 to 6 inches high. Each flower subtended by an involucre of three sessile, obtuse, oblong, small leaves immediately under the flowers. Sepals oval or oblong, obtuse, longer than the numerous stamens. Fruit consisting of several oblong, acute, hairy achenes.
In woods, often in large tufts. Nova Scotia to northern Florida, west to Manitoba, Iowa and Missouri. Also in Alaska, Europe and Asia. Flow- ering in earliest spring, with us usually early in April but sometimes in March, and even unseasonably warm spells in midwinter may find it in flower. The leaves of Hepatica hepatica in central Europe possess blunt lobes, while our form usually has perfectly rounded lobes.
Sharp-lobed Hepatica or Liverleaf Hepatica acutiloba DeCandolle
Plate 60b
Resembling in most respects the Round-lobed Hepatica but the leaf lobes and the leaves of the involucre are pointed, the scapes usually a little longer, and the flowers somewhat larger. The flowers are often dioecious.
In woods, Maine, Quebec and Ontario; south in the Alleghanies to Georgia; west to Missouri and Minnesota. Rare or absent near the Atlantic coast.
Puzzling forms sometimes occur which are intermediate between this
and the preceding species. Rue Anemone
Syndesmon thalictroides (Linnaeus) Hoffmannsegg Plate 68b
Stems slender and weak, glabrous, 4 to 10 inches high; the flowering stem appearing in early spring from a cluster of tuberous roots, the ternately compound basal leaves appearing later and resembling those of the Meadow Rue, but smaller. Leaves of the involucre similar, sessile, the leaflets long petioled. Flowers perfect, few or several forming a loose umbel immediately above the involucre, white or pinkish, one-half to 1 inch broad; sepals five to ten, thin and soon falling, longer than the
numerous stamens.
108 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
In woods, New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Florida, Ontario,
Minnesota and Kansas. Flowering in early spring, March to early June.
Swamp or Marsh Buttercup Ranunculus septentrionalis (Linnaeus) Poiret Plate 70
Stems branching, 1 to 2 feet long, or becoming longer in summer, ascending, the later branches procumbent and often rooting at the nodes. Roots simply fibrous; stems glabrous or pubescent. Leaves large, petioled, three-divided, the divisions mostly stalked, usually cuneate at the base, cleft into broad lobes; petioles of the lower leaves sometimes a foot long. Flowers bright yellow, 1 to 14 inches broad; petals five, obovate, twice as long as the spreading sepals. Stamens numerous. Fruit a globose or oval head of flat, strongly margined achenes, each achene tipped by the subulate, persistent, sword-shaped style.
Marshes, swamps, ditches and low meadows, New Brunswick to Mani- toba, Georgia and Kansas. Flowering from April to July.
Hispid Buttercup Ranunculus hispidus Michaux Plate 60b
Plant usually hairy when young, sometimes merely appressed- pubescent or glabrate when old; stems ascending or spreading, usually several from a thickened, fibrous, perennial root; at flowering time the stems only a few inches long, later becoming 1 to 2 feet long, but not stoloniferous. Leaves pinnately three to five divided, the divisions ovate, oblong or obovate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, sharply cleft or lobed, usually thin; flowers one-half to 13 inches broad; petals usually five, oblong, about twice as long as the spreading sepals and entire or sometimes slightly notched at the apex; achenes of fruit oval, lenticular, narrowly margined, abruptly tipped by a subulate style of about one-half their length.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum
Plate 67
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 109
In dry woods and thickets, Vermont and Ontario to North Dakota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Flowering from March to May.
Stiff White Water Crowfoot Batrachium circinatum (Sibthorp) Reichenbach Plate 79a
Plant entirely submerged, except the flowers. Stems branching, usually 1 foot long or longer. Leaves about 1 inch long, spreading nearly at right angles from the stem, only slightly or not at all collapsing when drawn from the water, repeatedly forked into capillary divisions. Flowers white, one-third of an inch broad on stout peduncles, 1 to 2 inches long opposite the leaves, flowering just above the surface of the water; sepals and petals five; petals oblong-oval and blunt. Fruit a small cluster of tiny, apiculate achenes.
In ponds and slow streams, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, also in Europe and Asia. Flowering from June to September.
The form illustrated here has the beak of the achenes about 1 mm long, so that it should be classed as Batrachium longirostre (Godron) F. Schultz.
Early Meadow Rue Thalictrum dioicum Linnaeus Plate 71
Stems glabrous, erect, 1 to 2 feet high, slender and leafy from brown perennial roots. Leaves three to four-ternate. Leaflets thin, pale beneath, orbicular or broader, often cordate and the terminal one somewhat cuneate five to nine-lobed. Flowers dioecious, greenish or greenish yellow, drooping or spreading; panicle elongated, of numerous lateral corymbs or umbels; sepals usually four, blunt; petals none; stamens numerous, filaments longer than the sepals; anthers linear, blunt, longer than the filaments. Achenes in fruit ovoid, sessile or minutely stipitate, strongly ribbed, much longer than the style.
1 0) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
In woods and on shaded banks, Maine to Alabama, Saskatchewan and Missouri. Flowering in April and May.
Fall Meadow Rue
Thalictrum polygamum Muhlenberg
Plate 72
Stems stout, smooth or pubescent but not glandular or waxy, 3 to Io feet high, branching. Leaves three to four-ternate; leaflets thickish, light green above and pale beneath, oblong or orbicular with three main apical pointed or blunt lobes; panicle compound, leafy, a foot long or more. Flowers polygamous, white or purplish, usually the pistillate flowers pur- plish and the staminate flowers white; filaments broad, narrowly clavate; anthers oblong, short. Fruiting achenes ovoid, sessile or short-stipulate, six to eight-winged, glabrous or pubescent.
Marshes, open sunny swamps and low meadows. Newfoundland to Florida, Ontario and Ohio. Flowering from July to September.
Virgin’s Bower; Woodbine; Wild Clematis Clematis virginiana Linnaeus Figure XVI and Plate 73
A long vine, climbing over bushes in low woodlands, and along fences and watercourses. Stems somewhat woody below but only the root peren- nial in the north at least. Leaves opposite, glabrous, trifoliate; leaflets broadly ovate, acute at the apex, toothed or lobed, sometimes slightly cordate. Flowers in leafy panicles, white, polygamo-dioecious, two- thirds to 1} inches broad when expanded. Sepals usually four, spreading, petallike; petals none; stamens numerous, spreading; filaments glabrous; pistils numerous. In fruit the styles become an inch long or more,
plumose and persistent on the achenes (figure XVI). Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Manitoba and Tennessee. Flowering
in midsummer, July to September.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 70
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SWAMP OR MARSH BUTTERCUP Ranunculus septentrionalis
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Figure XVI Virgin’s Bower (Clematis virginiana Linnaeus), in fruit
130
I12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Purple Virgin’s Bower Atragene americana Sims (Clematis verticillaris De Candolle) Figure XVII A trailing or partly climbing vine, somewhat woody and perennial below, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves trifoliate; leaflets thin, ovate, acute, toothed or entire and more or less cordate; petioles and petiolules slender. Flowers purplish blue, 2 to 4 inches broad, solitary on slender peduncles in the axils of the leaves or at the ends of the branches. Sepals four, thin and translucent, strongly veined, silky along the margins and veins; petals four, spatulate, one-half to two-thirds of an inch long; stamens very numerous, the outer ones usually with broadened filaments; styles long, persistent, plumose throughout and about 2 inches long in fruit. Rocky woodlands and thickets, Hudson bay to Manitoba, south to Connecticut, Virginia and Minnesota. Flowering in May and June. One of our rarest wild flowers.
Erect Silky Leather Flower
Viorna ochroleuca (Aiton) Small
Plate 74
Stems erect, silky-hairy, 1 to 2 feet high and somewhat woody at the base from a thickened, woody, perennial root. Leaves opposite, simple, sessile, ovate or elliptical-ovate, blunt, smooth and glabrous above, silky and reticulate-veined beneath, entire or rarely somewhat lobed; each stem with a single terminal nodding flower about 1 inch long or less. Calyx rather broadly cylindric in shape, composed of four or five thick sepals, very silky without, their yellowish-green tips recurved; petals none. Stamens numerous, parallel with the sepals, their anthers very narrow. Pistils very numerous, their styles silky or plumose. In fruit the fleshy sepals fall away leaving an erect head of small. achenes plumose with the
long, yellowish-brown, persistent styles which are 1 to 2 inches long.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 71
EARLY MEADOW RUE Thalictrum dioicum
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Ss Plate 72 S
FALL MEADOW RUE Thalictrum polygamum
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK I13
Figure XVII Purple Virgin’s Bower
(Atragene americana Sims)
Ii4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Sandy fields and thickets, Staten Island and Pennsylvania, south to Georgia. Flowering in late May and June. In the southern states several additional species of Leather Flower (Viorna) are found, but this is the only one which enters New York.
Barberry Family Berberidaceae Blue Cohosh
Caulophyllum thalictroides (Linnaeus) Michaux
Plate 75
Stems erect, glabrous and glaucous when young, 1 to 3 feet high from a thickened, perennial rootstock; the base of the stem with two or three large, sheathing bracts, near the top of the stem a single, large, triternate, nearly sessile leaf and usually a similar but smaller leaf near the base of the inflorescence. Leaflets thin, oval, oblong or obovate, 1 to 3 inches long when mature, usually only partly developed at flowering time, three to five-lobed at the apex. Flowers several in a loose terminal panicle, greenish purple, one-quarter to one-half of an inch bread; sepals six, oblong; petals six, smaller, cucullate and opposite the sepals; stamens six. Each flower contains a single pistil with two ovules, which ripens into a globose, blue, glaucous, berrylike fruit, about one-third of an inch in diameter. As the seed grows it ruptures the thin, transparent pericarp before maturity.
In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to South Carolina, west to Manitoba, Tennessee, Nebraska and Missouri. Flowering in April and May.
May Apple; Wild Mandrake
Podophyllum peltatum Linnaeus
Plate 76 Stems erect, 1 to 14 feet high, from a perennial, horizontal, poisonous rootstock. Basal leaves centrally peltate, often nearly a foot in diameter, long petioled, deeply five to nine-lobed, glabrous or pubescent and light green on the lower surface, darker above; lobes two-cleft and toothed at
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 73
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VIRGIN’S BOWER; WOODBINE; WILD CLEMATIS Clematis virginiana
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 74
ERECT SILKY LEATHER FLOWER Viorna ochroleuca
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK IIl5
the apex. Flowering stems appearing from different rootstocks, bearing one to three, usually two, similar leaves (rarely leaflets). Flowers 14 to 2 inches broad, white, fragrant, on stout, nodding peduncles one-half to 2 inches long, appearing from the base of the upper leaf or usually from the fork between the two leaves; sepals six, petallike and soon falling. Petals six to nine, flat, obovate, longer than the sepals; stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovary ovoid, forming in fruit a large, yellowish, ovoid, edible berry, 15 to 2 inches long, the numerous seeds inclosed in fleshy arils within the fruit.
In low woods, moist banks and clearings, western Quebec and southern Ontario to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Flowering in May and June.
The fruit is edible and harmless, although somewhat insipid and to many people its taste is disagreeable. Both foliage and root are said to be poisonous and serious results have followed the use of the leaves as greens. The root is a viclent purgative, resembling jalap in its action. Its popular name, Mandrake, relates it in no way to the Mandrake or Mandragora of the ancients and, notwithstanding its poisonous character it is a very respectable herb in comparison with the traditions of the Mandrake of the ancients, described as flourishing best under a gallows, with a root resembling a man in shape, uttering terrible shrieks when it was torn from the ground, and possessing the power of transforming men and beasts.
Twin-leaf Jeffersonia diphylla (Linnaeus) Persoon Figure XVIII
A smooth, perennial, fibrous-rooted plant, 6 to 8 inches high when in flower, later becoming 10 to 18 inches high. Leaves and flowering stems arising from a scaly base. Leaves glaucous beneath, long petioled, cordate or reniform, 3 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 inches wide when mature, parted longitudinally into two obliquely ovate, blunt, lobed or entire divisions; lobes rounded with sinuses sometimes three-fourths of an inch deep. At
116 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
(Photograph by G. A. Bailey)
Figure XVIII Twin-leaf
(Jeffersonia diphylla (Linnaeus) Persoon)
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 75
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flowering time the leaves are but partially developed. Flowering stems without leaves and one-flowered. Flowers white, about I inch broad; the calyx with four (sometimes three or five) caducous, petallike divisions. Petals eight, flat, oblong, longer than the sepals. Stamens eight with slender filaments. Fruit a short-stalked capsule about 1 inch long, opening at maturity near the summit by a half-circumscissle cleft.
In moist woods, New York, Ontario and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, Iowa, Virginia and Tennessee. Flowering in April and May.
Poppy Family Rapa vera ec eae Bloodroot; Puccoon-root Sanguinaria canadensis Linnaeus Plate 77
Leaves and stems glabrous, especially when young, from a stout, hori- zontal rootstock, one-half to 1 inch thick, densely clothed with thick, fibrous roots. Juice of the roots and stems red. Leaves basal on petioles 6 to 14 inches long, palmately five to nine-lobed, the lobes repand or cleft at the apex and palmately veined. Flowering scapes, one-flowered, at length overtopped by the mature leaves, but at flowering time longer than the partially unfolded immature leaves. Flowers white or sometimes pinkish, 1 to 1 inches broad; sepals two, soon falling. Petals eight to sixteen, oblong-spatulate, arranged in two or three rows and soon falling; stamens numerous, yellow. Fruit a narrow, one-celled, two-valved capsule, pointed at both ends, about 1 inch long.
In rich woods and on shaded banks, Nova Scotia to Manitoba and
Nebraska, south to Florida, Alabama and Arkansas. Flowering in April and May.
118 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Fumewort Family Fumariacede Dutchman’s-breeches Bicuculla cucullaria (Linnaeus) Millspaugh Plate 78
A rather delicate, smooth and somewhat tufted herbaceous plant from a bulbous, perennial base. Leaves all basal, numerous and slender-stalked, pale beneath, finely divided into many narrow segments. Flowers nodding, fragrant, few or several on a slender stalk which rises above the leaves; each flower about one-half to two-thirds of an inch long, and somewhat broader than long across the spreading basal spurs, white or faintly pink, yellow at the summit; the four petals in two pairs, the outer pair oblong, concave, each with a divergent spur at the base and the tip spreading, the inner pair narrow and minutely crested. Fruit an oblong pod, opening into two parts to the base when mature.
In rich woods, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Missouri. Flowering in April and May.
The Squirrel Corn or Turkey Corn (Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millspaugh) is similar, but the spurs of the two outer petals are shorter, rounded and not divergent, the inner pair of petals is conspicu- ously crested and the roots have numerous small tubers. The Wild Bleeding Heart (Bicuculla eximia (Ker) Millspaugh) of the western part of the State has pink flowers.
Mountain Fringe; Alleghany Vine Adiumia fungosa (Aiton) Greene Plate 79b Stems weak, slender, climbing several feet over other plants by its slender petioles from a biennial root. Leaves two to three-pinnate, the leaflets slender stalked, lobed or entire, very thin, ovate or cuneate, about
one-fourth of an inch long and pale beneath. Flowers numerous in axillary
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drooping cymes; petals four, united into a narrowly ovate-cordate, spongy corolla about one-half of an inch long and one-fourth of an inch broad at the base, four-lobed at the apex, greenish purple, or pink, usually rather persistent, dry and brownish with age; stamens six, united below and adherent to the petals. Fruiting capsule oblong, included in the persistent, dry corolla.
In moist woods, thickets and shaded cliffs, New Brunswick to Ontario and Michigan, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. Flowering from June to October. Frequent in cultivation.
Pink or Pale Corydalis Capnoides sempervirens (Linnaeus) Borkhausen Plate 80
Stems and leaves glabrous, glaucous, erect or ascending, 6 inches to 2 feet high and freely branching. Lower leaves I to 5 inches long, short petioled, the upper leaves sessile or nearly so, all divided into numerous obovate or cuneate segments, toothed or entire, obtuse. Flowers numerous, panicled, borne in cymose clusters at the ends of the branches. Each flower one-half to two-thirds of an inch long, pink or rarely white with a yellow tip; sepals two, small; corolla irregular, deciduous; petals four, erect-connivent, one of the outer pair with a spur at the base about one- eighth of an inch long, the inner pair narrower, keeled at the back. Cap- sules narrowly linear, erect, I to 2 inches long.
In rocky piaces, Nova Scotia to Alaska, Georgia, Minnesota, Montana and British Columbia. Flowering from May to September.
Two other species of this genus are occasionally found in this State, both with low, diffusely spreading stems and with yellow flowers. They are the Yellow Corydalis (Capnoides flavulum (Rafinesque) Kuntze) with flowers about one-fourth of an inch long and short spurred; and the Golden Corydalis (C. aureum (Willdenow) Kuntze) with flowers slightly more than one-half of an inch long and spurs one-half the length of the corolla.
120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
Mustard Family Cruciate xrare Lyre-leaved Rock Cress Arabis lyrata Linnaeus Plate s4b A low, tufted perennial or biennial plant with ascending or erect stems, 4 to 12 inches high, smooth above, pubescent below or glabrous throughout. Basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, 1 to 2 inches long, spatulate or oblanceolate, pubescent or glabrous; stem leaves entire or toothed, spatulate or linear, one-half to 1 inch long. Flowers white, one-fourth of an inch broad or less, several or numerous in a terminal raceme which elongates in fruit; pedicels ascending, about one-third of an inch long or longer in fruit; petals four, much longer than the four stamens. Fruit a linear, slightly flattened pod three-fourths to 1} inches long; seeds in one row, oblong and wingless. Rocky and sandy places, Connecticut and Ontario west to Manitoba and Alaska, south to Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri and British Columbia.
Flowering from April to September.
Bulbous Cress; Cuckoo-flower
Cardamine bulbosa (Schreber) Britton, Sterns & Poggenberg Plate goa
A slender, erect, herbaceous plant with smooth stems, 6 to 20 inches high from a perennial, tuber-bearing root, simple or rarely branched. Leaves of two sorts, those of the stem sessile and clasping or the lower ones very short petioled, rather distant from one another, oblong or lanceolate, blunt, toothed or entire, 1 to 2 inches long; the basal leaves oval or orbicular, one-half to 2 inches broad, often slightly heart-shaped, toothed or usually entire, with long, slender petioles. Flowers white, about one- half of an inch broad, in a terminal, several to many-flowered cluster;
petals four, three to four times the length of the four sepals. Fruit a
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Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 80
PINK OR PALE CORYDALIS Capnoides sempervirens
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 121
number of erect, very slender pods, narrowed at each end and about an inch long.
In low, wet woods, thickets and wet meadows, New Brunswick to Vermont, southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering in April and May, or in cool woods as late as early June.
The Purple Cress (Cardamine douglassii (Torrey) Britton) has leaves which are more angularly toothed and showy purple flowers often three-fourths of an inch broad. It is found in cold, springy places in the northern part of the State.
The: “rue Water-cress (Sisymbrium nastuntium-aqiua- ticum Linnaeus) is a native of Europe, but is common in brooks and streams in most parts of New York.
Cut-leaved Toothwort or Pepperroot Dentaria laciniata Muhlenberg Plate 81a
Stems erect, pubescent or glabrous, 8 to 15 inches high from a deep, perennial, tubercled, jointed rootstock, the joints easily separable. Leaves all petioled, 2 to 5 inches broad, those on the stem usually three and forming a whorl, rarely distant, three-parted nearly to the base, the divisions lanceo- late, linear or oblong, the lateral ones often deeply cleft, all deeply toothed or lobed; basal leaves similar, usually developing later than the flowering stems. Flowers numerous in a stout, broad raceme, two-thirds to three- fourths of an inch broad, pink or white. The four petals longer than the sepals. Stamens six. Fruiting pod linear, ascending, 1 to 13 inches long.
In moist or rich woods, Quebec to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Louisiana. Flowering in April and May.
Two-leaved Toothwort or Crinkleroot Dentaria diphylla Michaux Plate 81b Stems stout, simple, glabrous, 6 to 14 inches high from a perennial, notched but continuous rootstock. Basal leaves long petioled, 4 to 5 inches
[22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
broad, with three broadly ovate, dentate or somewhat lobed leaflets each about 2 inches long; stem leaves usually two, opposite or nearly so, short petioled and also three-divided, the leaflets often narrower than those of the basal leaves. Flowers white, one-half to two-thirds of an inch broad.
In rich woods, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to South Carolina and Kentucky. Flowering usually in late April and in May.
The Large Toothwort (Dentaria maxima Nuttall) has a jointed rootstock and three stem leaves (sometimes two or as many as five or six), alternate, with ovate and obovate toothed and cleft leaflets and large pale-purple flowers. It is rare and local in distribution.
The species of Dentaria are members of the Mustard family (Cruciferae) which contains a very large number of small-flowered, inconspicuous plants, many of them weeds, as well as a number of cultivated species which have become naturalized or established throughout the State.
American Sea Rocket Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hooker Plate 82a
Plant very fleshy throughout, bushy branched from a deep, annual root, the lower branches spreading or ascending, the center ones erect, a few inches to a foot high. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse, lobed or toothed, narrowed at the base, the lower leaves 2 to 5 inches long, the upper leaves smaller. Flowers light purple, less than one-fourth of an inch broad, the four petals long-clawed, more than twice the length of the sepals; fruit one-half to 1 inch long, the upper joint slightly longer than the lower, ovoid, angled, flattened, narrowed above into a beak; lower joint obovoid, not flattened.
Sandy places along the seashore, Newfoundland to New Jersey and
Florida, and along the Great Lakes, New York to Minnesota.
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Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 82
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK I
Pitcher Plant Family Sid) er arCremala Gierare Pitcher Plant; Sidesaddle Flower Sarracenia purpurea Linnaeus Plate 83
Leaves tufted, ascending, hollow, much inflated and trumpet-shaped, 4 to 12 inches long, with a broad, lateral wing and an erect terminal lid or lamina, glabrous except the inner side of the lamina and the inner surface of the pitchers, which are densely clothed with stiff, reflexed hairs, purple- veined or sometimes green, yellowish or reddish all over, narrowed into petioles below, persistent over winter. Roots large, stout and fibrous. Flowers solitary on slender scapes, I to 2 feet high, nodding, deep purple or rarely yellow, nearly globose, 14 to 2} inches broad; sepals five, green, with three or four bracts at the base; petals five, obovate, narrowed in the middle, incurved over the yellowish style. Style dilated at the apex into a peltate umbrellalike structure with five rays which terminate under its angles in hooked stigmas.
In peat bogs and wet sphagnous places, Labrador to the Canadian Rocky mountains, Florida, Kentucky and Iowa. Flowering in May and June. The pitcher-shaped leaves usually contain more or less water in which are numerous drowned insects which furnish food for the larvae of a fly which is instrumental in the cross-pollination of the flowers.
Sundew Family Dts OISie Tai ce ane Spatulate-leaved Sundew Drosera intermedia (Linnaeus) Hayne Plate 84
A tufted bog plant with erect, flowering scapes, 2 to 8 inches high, and elongated rootstocks. Leaf blades ascending, spatulate, obtuse at the apex, one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch long, one-half to one-third as
124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
wide as long, clothed above with long, glandular hairs secreting a fluid which entraps insects, narrowed below into glabrous petioles one-half to 13 inches long; usually the entire foliage reddish or greenish red in color. Flowers several in one-sided racemes; petals five, white, slghtly longer than the greenish sepals; the one-celled ovary surmounted by three styles, each deeply two-parted so as to appear like six.
In bogs and sphagnous places, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to Florida and Louisiana, and also in northern Europe. Flowering from June to August.
The Spatulate-leaved Sundew is not so common as the Round-leaved Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia Linnaeus), with orbicular leaf blades. Two additional Sundews occur in New York, namely the Oblong- leaved Sundew (Drosera longifolia Linnaeus), with leaf blades elongated-spatulate, six to eight times as long as wide; and the Thread- leaved Sundew (D. filiformis (Linnaeus) Rafinesque), with linear leaves ten to fifteen times as long as wide and purple flowers. The last grows in wet sand near the coast, the others in bogs.
Virginia Stonecrop Family Penthoraceaec Ditch or Virginia Stonecrop Penthorum sedoides Linnaeus Plate 87b Stems erect, glabrous, often branched and angled above, 6 inches to 2 feet high, from a perennial root. Leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, acuminate at each end, finely toothed, 2 to 4 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide. Flowers perfect, yellowish green, in two or three forked, one-sided cymes, the branches 1 to 3 inches long. Each flower about one-fifth of an inch broad; calyx five-parted, the sepals triangular-ovate, pointed, shorter than the flattish capsule; stamens ten; petals often lacking, when present, linear or linear-spatulate. Fruit a depressed, five-lobed capsule with five divergent tips.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum
Plate 83
PITCHER PLANT; SIDESADDLE FLOWER Sarracenia purpurea
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 125
Common in ditches and swampy places, New Brunswick to Florida, west to Nebraska, Kansas and Texas. Flowering from July to September. Not a very attractive plant, but the only American representative of the Penthoraceae (Virginia Stonecrop family), which is joined with the Saxifrage family by some authors and to the Orpine family by others.
Grass-of-Parnassus Family IP iri 2,9 Si CCA Carolina Grass-of-Parnassus
Parnassia caroliniana Michaux Plate 85
Flowering scape 6 to 20 inches high, with a sessile, ovate, clasping leaf below the middle. Basal leaves very numerous, ovate, oval, or nearly orbicular, obtuse at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, or decurrent on the petiole, 1 to 2 inches long, on petioles 2 to 6 inches long. Flowers three-fourths to 1} inches broad; calyx lobes five, ovate-oblong, obtuse and much shorter than the five broadly oval, white, greenish veined petals; each petal with a set (usually three) of gland-tipped staminodia at the base which do not exceed the five fertile stamens in length, the latter alternate with the petals. Fruit a one-celled capsule about one-half of an inch long.
In swamps, low meadows and boggy places, New Brunswick to Mani- toba, south to Virginia, Illinois and Iowa. Flowering from July to Sep- tember, rarely earlier than July in our latitude. At Taberg growing on wet cliffs with the Yellow Mountain Saxifrage and Dwarf Canadian Primrose.
Saxifrage Family paxifragaceae Yellow Mountain Saxifrage Leptasea aizoides (Linnaeus) Haworth Plate 82b Stems tufted, forming loose or dense leafy mats, 2 to 7 inches high. Leaves alternate, linear, thick, fleshy, sharply pointed at the apex, sessile,
126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
one-third to three-fourths of an inch long, one-eighth of an inch wide or usually less, sometimes sparingly ciliate on the margins. Flowers several, corymbose, one-third to two-thirds of an inch broad on slender pedicels; petals five, oblong, yellow and often spotted with orange, longer than the ovate calyx lobes and alternate with them. Stamens ten; ovary almost superior, the two capsules united to above the middle.
On wet or dripping rocks, Newfoundland and Labrador to Vermont, northern and western New York, and west through Arctic America to the Rocky mountains. Also in Alpine and Arctic Europe and Asia. Flowering in July and August.
Early Saxifrage Micranthes virginiensis (Linnaeus) Small Plate 87a
Flowering stem 4 to 12 inches high, viscid-pubescent with whitish hairs, leafless or with a few green bracts at the base of the inflorescence. Leaves all basal, 1 to 3 inches long, obovate, or oval, toothed, blunt or pointed at the apex, spatulate at the base and narrowed into a margined petiole; inflorescence cymose, becoming paniculate by the elongation of the lower branches. Flowers white, less than one-fourth of an inch broad; calyx of five erect, triangular, pointed lobes; petals five, oblong-spatulate, obtuse, longer than the calyx; stamens ten, carpels of the fruit usually two, nearly separate, widely divergent when mature.
In dry or rocky woodlands, banks and ledges, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Flowering from April until June.
Swamp Saxifrage Micranthes pennsylvanica (Linnaeus) Haworth Plate 86
Flowering scape stout, viscid-pubescent, 1 to 35 feet high, with green bracts at the inflorescence, otherwise leafless. Leaves all basal, large, oval, ovate, obovate or oblanceolate, pubescent or nearly glabrous, 4 to 10 inches long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed below into a broad petiole,
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 85
GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS Parnassia caroliniana
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 127
the margins denticulate or repand. Flowers in elongated, loose, terminal panicles, greenish. Each flower about one-eighth of an inch broad or slightly broader; the obtuse calyx lobes reflected; petals five, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, twice as long as the calyx.
Swamps, wet banks and wet woods, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Virginia, Iowa and Missouri. Flowering in May and June.
Foamflower; False Miterwort Tiarella cordifolia Linnaeus Plate 88 Flowering scapes 6 to 12 inches high, slender and pubescent, from a rather stout, perennial root. Leaves all basal, long petioled, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate at the base, three to seven-lobed, blunt or pointed at the apex, 2 to 4 inches long, margins crenate or dentate, pubescent above with scattered hairs, glabrate or downy along the veins beneath. Flowers white, forming a terminal raceme, I to 4 inches long. Each flower about one-fourth of an inch broad; petals five, oblong, entire or slightly toothed, somewhat longer than the five white calyx lobes; stamens ten, anthers reddish or yellowish. Fruit of two very unequal carpels, about one-fourth of an inch long, reflexed on slender pedicels. In rich, moist woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south along the mountains to Georgia, and west to Indiana and Michigan. Flowering from April to June. Also known as Coolwort.
Alumroot Heuchera americana Linnaeus Plate 89 Flowering stem rather stout, 13 to 3 feet high, leafless, glandular, hirsute. Leaves basal, long petioled, 3 to 4 inches wide with seven to nine rounded, crenate-dentate lobes; the older leaves glabrous or with scattered hairs on the upper surfaces, new leaves usually somewhat pubes- cent. Flowers greenish yellow, in elongated panicles; calyx tube broadly
128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
campanulate, nearly regular, somewhat less than one-fourth of an inch long, five-lobed; petals five, very small, greenish and alternate with the lobes of the calyx which they do not exceed in length. Stamens five, projecting out from the calyx more than one-half their length, anthers orange.
In dry or rocky woods and banks, Ontario to Connecticut, west to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Louisiana. Flowering from May to August.
Two-leaved Bishop’s Cap; Miterwort Mitella diphylla Linnaeus Plate 90b
Stems erect, often several together from a perennial root, 8 to 17 inches high, pubescent, each stem bearing a pair of opposite, sessile or nearly sessile leaves near or above its middle. Basal leaves broadly ovate, cordate at the base, acute or long pointed at the apex, three to five-lobed, toothed, rather rough-hairy on both sides, 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers small, white, rather distant from one another, in a very narrow, elongated, erect raceme, 3 to 8 inches long; calyx tube bell-shaped, five-lobed; petals five, finely pinnatifid. Fruiting capsules one-celled, two-valved at the apex, many seeded, somewhat flattened and broad, seeds smooth, black and shiny.
In rich woods, Quebec to Minnesota, North Carolina and Missouri. Flowering in April and May.
In cold woods and bogs of the northern part of the State occurs a smaller species of Miterwort, Mitella nuda Linnaeus, with reniform- orbicular, basal leaves and the stems usually without leaves; flowers greenish yellow. Another species, M. oppositifolia Rydberg, has been described from central New York which differs from M. diphylla only in having long-petioled stem leaves, lanceolate calyx lobes and filiform
divisions to the petals.
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum = Plate 86
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 129
Rose Family Rosaceae Meadowsweet; Quaker Lady Spiraea latifolia (Aiton) Borkhausen Plate 93a
An erect shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, usually more or less branched above and smooth with reddish stems. Leaves short petioled, blades oblanceolate or obovate, glabrous or nearly so, coarsely toothed, 1 to 2 inches long, one- half to 13 inches wide, usually larger on young shoots, obtuse or slightly pointed at the apex, rounded or tapering at the base, pale beneath. Flowers white or pinkish, in dense terminal panicles, each flower about one-fourth of an inch broad or less; petals four or five, inserted on the calyx; stamens numerous. Pistils commonly five, alternate with the calyx lobes.
In moist or rocky places, in open woods, or in old meadows and along roadsides, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Virginia and western Penn- sylvania. Flowering from June to August.
The Narrow-leaved Meadowsweet (Spiraea alba Du Roi) has yellowish brown branches, narrowly oblanceolate to oblong leaves and white flowers. It is much less abundant than Spiraea latifolia, and is found in wet soil, Ontario to New York, south to North Carolina,
west to Indiana, Missouri and Saskatchewan.
Hardhack; Steeplebush
Spiraea tomentosa Linnaeus
Plate 94a Erect, shrubby and perennial at least below, the tops usually dying back, 1 to 3 feet tall, usually simple; stems floccose-pubescent. Leaves short petioled, ovate or oval, 1 to 2 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide, unequally toothed, blunt or pointed at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, smooth and dark green above, woolly-pubescent with whitish hairs beneath. Flowers pink or purplish, rarely white, in dense terminal
130 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM
panicles, each flower about one-fifth of an inch broad; divisions or follicles of the fruit pubescent.
In wet meadows, swamps and low ground, Nova Scotia to Manitoba south to Georgia and Kansas. Flowering from July to September.
The Corymbed Spiraea (Spiraea corymbosa Rafinesque), with oval, ovate or orbicular leaves, slightly cordate at the base, or rounded, and with small white flowers in dense terminal, often leafy corymbs, is found occasionally on rocky banks and in wood of the southern part of the State.
Indian Physic; Bowman’s Root Porteranthus trifoliatus (Linnaeus) Britton Plate 91
Stems erect, herbaceous, 2 to 4 feet high, from a perennial root, usually branched, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Stipules small, one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long, entire or toothed. Leaves sessile or nearly so, three-foliate; leaflets oval, ovate, lanceolate or slightly obovate, long pointed at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2 to 3 inches long, irregularly toothed. Flowers white or pinkish, one-half to two-thirds of an inch long on slender peduncles, in loose, terminal, leafy panicles; calyx reddish, five-toothed, ten nerved; petals five, linear-lanceolate, somewhat unequal.
In woods and thickets, Ontario and New York to Michigan, Georgia and Missouri. Flowers in June and July.
A. closely related species; Porteranthus -stipulaitus (Muhlenberg) Britton, has incised leaflets, broad, foliaceous, incised stipules and slightly smaller flowers. Its range is about the same.
Common Five-finger or Cinquefoil Potentilla canadensis Linnaeus Plate 92a Stems ascending, a few inches high, spreading by slender runners 3 inches to I or 2 feet long; the pubescence of the stem, petioles and peduncles spreading. Leaves petioled, digitately five-foliated; leaflets oblanceolate
Memoir 15
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
N. Y. State Museum
Plate 89
ALUMROOT Heuchera americana
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 90
A. BULBOUS CRESS; CUCKOO-FLOWER B. TWO-LEAVED BISHOP’S CAP OR MITERWORT Cardamine bulbosa Mitella diphylla
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WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK
Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 91
INDIAN PHYSIC; BOWMAN’S ROOT Porteranthus trifoliatus
WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 131
to oblong, blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, one-half to 1 inch long, toothed. Flowers yellow, one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch broad on slender, axillary, one-flowered peduncles; the first flower appearing from the axil of the second stem leaf; petals five, broadly oval, slightly longer than the acute calyx lobes and the linear-lanceolate bractlets; stamens about twenty.
In dry soil of meadows and fields, New Brunswick to Georgia, Minnesota and Texas. Flowering from April to August.
The genus Potentilla contains a number of representatives in New York, several of which are introduced species. Of these, the most common is the Rough Cinquefoil (Potentilla monspeliensis Linnaeus), with stout, erect, hairy stems and leaves, and yellow flowers in which the calyx lobes exceed the petals in length.
The Silvery Cinquefoil (Potentilla argentea Linnaeus) is a native species of dry soils or rocky places, with spreading or ascending, white, woolly-pubescent stems, leaflets green and smooth above and white- tomentose beneath, the margins revolute, and small yellow flowers.
Rough-fruited C